Evolutionary trajectories and diagnostic challenges of potentially zoonotic avian influenza viruses H5N1 and H9N2 co-circulating in Egypt

Naguib, Mahmoud M.; Arafa, Abdel-Satar; El‐Kady, Magdy F.; Selim, Abdullah; Gunalan, Vithiagaran; Maurer‐Stroh, Sebastian; Goller, Katja V.; Hassan, Mohamed K.; Beer, Martin; Mostafa, Ahmed; Harder, Timm C.

doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2015.06.004

Cited by 51 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…The two different subtypes carry distinct but homogeneous sets of internal genome segments. This situation should have fostered reassortment, but despite the intensive cocirculation of the two subtypes in poultry for at least 5 years, no reassortant viruses have been detected (19,26) in Egypt so far.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(i) Surveillance for circulating viruses may have been insufficient to detect reassortants since the monitoring focused on HA (and NA) genes because of their relevance for vaccine selection. This is emphasized when comparing sequence database entries: among all entries for Egyptian H5N1 viruses in GISAID's EpiFlu (19) and also used here a set of 12 SYBR green-based RT-qPCRs that can be used instead of sequencing to identify each of the internal gene segments of the two subtypes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The gene-specific RT-PCR amplicons were size separated by agarose gel electrophoresis, excised, and purified from the gels using a QIAquick gel extraction kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Further, purified PCR products were used directly for cycle sequencing reactions using a BigDye Terminator (version 3.1) cycle sequencing kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) as described previously by Naguib et al (19). The reaction products were purified using a NucleoSeq kit (MachereyNagel, Düren, Germany) and sequenced on an ABI Prism 3100 genetic analyzer (Life Technologies, CA, USA).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although ample opportunities for the exchange of genome segments between these two subtypes have been expected, no reassortants have been detected in Egypt so far, and both subtypes have maintained unchanged genotypes since their introduction in 2006 and 2010, respectively (19). This is surprising, since reassortment events between HPAIV H5N1, although of a clade different from that of the Egyptian viruses, and LPAIV H9N2 were reported from Dubai (20) and Bangladesh (21).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Egypt, the continuous cocirculation of gs/GD HPAIV H5N1 of clade 2.2.1.2 and LPAIV H9N2 G1 has been observed in poultry populations since 2012 (19). Although ample opportunities for the exchange of genome segments between these two subtypes have been expected, no reassortants have been detected in Egypt so far, and both subtypes have maintained unchanged genotypes since their introduction in 2006 and 2010, respectively (19).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Natural Reassortants of Potentially Zoonotic Avian Influenza Viruses H5N1 and H9N2 from Egypt Display Distinct Pathogenic Phenotypes in Experimentally Infected Chickens and Ferrets

Naguib

Ulrich

Kasbohm

et al. 2017

J Virol

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The cocirculation of zoonotic highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) of subtype H5N1 and avian influenza virus (AIV) of subtype H9N2 among poultry in Egypt for at least 6 years should render that country a hypothetical hot spot for the emergence of reassortant, phenotypically altered viruses, yet no reassortants have been detected in Egypt. The present investigations proved that reassortants of the Egyptian H5N1 clade 2.2.1.2 virus and H9N2 virus of the G1-B lineage can be generated by coamplification in embryonated chicken eggs. Reassortants were restricted to the H5N1 subtype and acquired between two and all six of the internal segments of the H9N2 virus. Five selected plaque-purified reassortant clones expressed a broad phenotypic spectrum both in vitro and in vivo. Two groups of reassortants were characterized to have retarded growth characteristics in vitro compared to the H5N1 parent virus. One clone provoked reduced mortality in inoculated chickens, although the characteristics of a highly pathogenic phenotype were retained. Enhanced zoonotic properties were not predicted for any of these clones, and this prediction was confirmed by ferret inoculation experiments: neither the H5N1 parent virus nor two selected clones induced severe clinical symptoms or were transmitted to sentinel ferrets by contact. While the emergence of reassortants of Egyptian HPAIV of subtype H5N1 with internal gene segments of cocirculating H9N2 viruses is possible in principle, the spread of such viruses is expected to be governed by their fitness to outcompete the parental viruses in the field. The eventual spread of attenuated phenotypes, however, would negatively impact syndrome surveillance on poultry farms and might foster enzootic virus circulation.IMPORTANCE Despite almost 6 years of the continuous cocirculation of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 and avian influenza virus H9N2 in poultry in Egypt, no reassortants of the two subtypes have been reported. Here, the principal compatibility of the two subtypes is shown by forcing the reassortment between copassaged H5N1 und H9N2 viruses in embryonated chicken eggs. The resulting reassortant viruses displayed a wide range of pathogenicity including attenuated phenotypes in chickens, but did not show enhanced zoonotic propensities in the ferret model.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Natural Reassortants of Potentially Zoonotic Avian Influenza Viruses H5N1 and H9N2 from Egypt Display Distinct Pathogenic Phenotypes in Experimentally Infected Chickens and Ferrets

Naguib

Ulrich

Kasbohm

et al. 2017

J Virol

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Reconstruction of molecular evolution of human influenza A H1N1/2009 virus in Iran and neighboring countries

Ghalekhani

Bokaie

Eybpoosh

et al. 2022

Journal of Medical Virology

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In this study, the time and path of transmission of H1N1 serotype influenza A viruses in Iran and neighboring countries have been investigated by using Bayesian phylogeography analysis on the sequences extracted from the gene bank. We obtained all hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) nucleotide sequences of influenza H1N1 available up to December 25, 2020, from Iran and its neighboring countries (i.e., Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkey, and Iraq). We also performed a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo method to infer the evolutionary dynamic and the most recent common ancestor for the HA and NA sequences. Based on the extracted sequences, the age of emergence of H1N1 influenza virus serotype was older in Iran compared to neighboring countries, and with some degree of uncertainty, it seems Tehran had a key role and epicenter of transmission to other cities within Iran. The mean time of the most recent common ancestor of H1N1 viruses was 1989 (95% HPD: 1980–1994) for HA and NA as well. Along with ordinary measures like resource management, diagnostic approaches, and preparedness to fight against viruses that were in place, continuous monitoring, and screening of H1N1 serotype influenza virus in the country, especially by implementation of feasible, effective, and innovative measures at borderline should be initiated and identified gaps and shortage that should be a priority for virus control. It is also important for countries to have a regional monitoring program in addition to internal monitoring programs, as well as to start a virus molecular care program.

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Genetic variability of avian influenza virus subtype H5N8 in Egypt in 2017 and 2018

et al. 2020

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Evolutionary trajectories and diagnostic challenges of potentially zoonotic avian influenza viruses H5N1 and H9N2 co-circulating in Egypt

Cited by 51 publications

References 85 publications

Natural Reassortants of Potentially Zoonotic Avian Influenza Viruses H5N1 and H9N2 from Egypt Display Distinct Pathogenic Phenotypes in Experimentally Infected Chickens and Ferrets

Natural Reassortants of Potentially Zoonotic Avian Influenza Viruses H5N1 and H9N2 from Egypt Display Distinct Pathogenic Phenotypes in Experimentally Infected Chickens and Ferrets

Reconstruction of molecular evolution of human influenza A H1N1/2009 virus in Iran and neighboring countries

Genetic variability of avian influenza virus subtype H5N8 in Egypt in 2017 and 2018

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