Evolutionary responses to climate change in parasitic systems

Chaianunporn, Thotsapol; Hovestadt, Thomas

doi:10.1111/gcb.12944

Cited by 21 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…Insect populations experiencing warmer winters could show (i) a delay in the onset of diapause, (ii) a decrease in the proportion of individuals entering diapause and, ultimately (iii), a loss of the capacity to enter diapause if there is a selective advantage to individuals maintaining their activities during winter (e.g., increased resource availability, increased cost of diapause; Hance et al 2007;Bale and Hayward 2010). These potential shifts in overwintering strategies could have cascading consequences on community structures, species interactions and ecosystem functioning (Parmesan and Yohe 2003;Andrade et al 2016) but are, to date, scantily documented in host/parasitoid systems (Hance et al 2007;Chaianunporn and Hovestadt 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are aphid parasitoids from mild winter climates losing their winter diapause?

et al. 2016

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Temperature is both a selective pressure and a modulator of the diapause expression in insects from temperate regions. Thus, with climate warming, an alteration of the response to seasonal changes is expected, either through genetic adaptations to novel climatic conditions or phenotypic plasticity. Since the 1980s in western France, the winter guild of aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in cereal fields has been made up of two species: Aphidius rhopalosiphi and Aphidius matricariae. The recent activity of two other species, Aphidius avenae and Aphidius ervi, during the winter months suggests that a modification of aphid parasitoid overwintering strategies has taken place within the guild. In this study, we first performed a field survey in the winter of 2014/15 to assess levels of parasitoid diapause incidence in agrosystems. Then, we compared the capacity of the four parasitoid species to enter winter diapause under nine different photoperiods and temperature conditions in the laboratory. As predicted, historically winter-active species (A. rhopalosiphi and A. matricariae) never entered diapause, whereas the species more recently active during winter (A. avenae and A. ervi) did enter diapause but at a low proportion (maximum of 13.4 and 11.2%, respectively). These results suggest rapid shifts over the last three decades in the overwintering strategies of aphid parasitoids in Western France, probably due to climate warming. This implies that diapause can be replaced by active adult overwintering, with potential consequences for species interactions, insect community composition, ecosystem functioning, and natural pest control.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are aphid parasitoids from mild winter climates losing their winter diapause?

et al. 2016

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“…diapause expression) can translate into modifications in the strength, occurrence, and frequency of multi-trophic interactions (Davis et al, 1998;Thomson et al, 2010;Gilbert et al, 2014). Key questions relate to potential outcomes of shifts in the interactions of species on food-web functioning and ecosystem services such as biological pest control (Gilman et al, 2010;Chaianunporn & Hovestadt, 2015;Valiente-Banuet et al, 2015).…”

Section: Consequences Of Changes In Diapause Expressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How climate change affects the seasonal ecology of insect parasitoids

Tougeron

Brodeur

Lann

et al. 2019

Ecological Entomology

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1. In the context of global change, modifications in winter conditions may disrupt the seasonal phenology patterns of organisms, modify the synchrony of closely interacting species and lead to unpredictable outcomes at different ecological scales. 2. Parasites are present in almost every food web and their interactions with hosts greatly contribute to ecosystem functioning. Among upper trophic levels of terrestrial ecosystems, insect parasitoids are key components in terms of functioning and species richness. Parasitoids respond to climate change in similar ways to other insects, but their close relationship with their hosts and their particular life cycle – alternating between parasitic and free‐living forms – make them special cases. 3. This article reviews of the mechanisms likely to undergo plastic or evolutionary adjustments when exposed to climate change that could modify insect seasonal strategies. Different scenarios are then proposed for the evolution of parasitoid insect seasonal ecology by exploring three anticipated outcomes of climate change: (i) decreased severity of winter cold; (ii) decreased winter duration; and (iii) increased extreme seasonal climatic events and environmental stochasticity. 4. The capacities of insects to adapt to new environmental conditions, either through plasticity or genetic evolution, are highlighted. They may reduce diapause expression, adapt to changing cues to initiate or terminate diapause, increase voltinism, or develop overwintering bet‐hedging strategies, but parasitoids' responses will be highly constrained by those of their hosts. 5. Changes in the seasonal ecology of parasitoids may have consequences on host–parasitoid synchrony and population cycles, food‐web functioning, and ecosystem services such as biological pest control.

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“…In the context of the global diversity crisis, studies increasingly focus on how trophic networks respond to global changes (Chaianunporn and Hovestadt, 2015;Parmesan, 2006). Indeed, species interactions within and between communities support the majority of ecosystem services and must be considered as study systems per se (Montoya et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In some cases, food web structure and composition are quite fragile and are likely to rapidly change in the context of climate warming; understanding how and why these food webs vary in space and time is a central objective in community ecology (Facey et al, 2014). New species appear while others disappear from the food web and changes in species interactions between trophic levels occur (Chaianunporn and Hovestadt, 2015;Tylianakis et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid responses of winter aphid-parasitoid communities to climate warming

Tougeron

Damien

Lann

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Consequences of environmental fluctuations, including those associated with climate changes, can have a knock-on effect from individual to community scale. In particular, changes in species seasonal phenology can modify the structure and composition of communities, with potential consequences on their functioning and the provision of ecosystem services. In mild climate areas, aphids can be present in cereal fields throughout the winter, which allows aphid parasitoids to remain active. Using a nineyear dataset of aphid-parasitoid winter trophic webs in cereal fields of Western France, we report that the community structure and composition that prevailed before 2011 have recently shifted toward a more diversified community, with the presence of two new braconid parasitoid species (Aphidius ervi and Aphidius avenae), a few hyperparasitoid species and one aphid species (Metopolophium dirhodum). Increases in minimal winter temperatures and the frequency of frost events across the years partially explain observed community changes. Strong bottom-up effects from the relative abundances of aphid species also determine the relative abundance of parasitoid species each winter. Strong compartmentalization in parasitoid preference for host is reported. We suggest the recent modifications in parasitoid community composition to be linked to shifts in diapause expression (reduction or arrest of the use of winter diapause) and to host availability throughout the year. We highlight the implications for natural biological control in cereal fields. Perspectives are proposed to predict the composition of future host-parasitoid communities in the climate change context.

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Evolutionary responses to climate change in parasitic systems

Cited by 21 publications

References 74 publications

Are aphid parasitoids from mild winter climates losing their winter diapause?

Are aphid parasitoids from mild winter climates losing their winter diapause?

How climate change affects the seasonal ecology of insect parasitoids

Rapid responses of winter aphid-parasitoid communities to climate warming

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