Evolutionary Morphology of Ferns (Monilophytes)

Schneider, Harald

doi:10.1002/9781118305881.ch4

Cited by 27 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 100 publications

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“…The sporophyte of ferns, compared to their gametophytes, is much more complicated in terms of structure and morphology with differentiation of roots, stems, and leaves, in which the vascular system is built. Differentiation of leaf functions has been found in some fern species: some leaves serve only for photosynthesis, whereas others called “sporophylls” are mainly for reproduction (Schneider et al, ; Schneider, ). All fronds of A. capillus‐veneris can facilitate both photosynthesis and reproduction, through the sporangia on the false‐indusium.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of the morphology, anatomy, and ontogeny of Adiantum capillus‐veneris: An experimental system to study the development of ferns

Fang

Yang

et al. 2013

J of Sytematics Evolution

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Adiantum capillus-veneris L., commonly regarded as a good experimental plant for the study of fern development, is investigated, and its life cycle under laboratory conditions is described. In our study, the life cycle of A. capillus-veneris was completed in 100 days. Features of spore germination, antheridium and archegonium ontogeny and development, and embryogenesis are investigated. Exosporic gametophytes of A. capillus-veneris came from spores, and ended with the cordate prothallia. Antheridia and archegonia were generally situated toward the posterior end and the notch of the prothallia, respectively. Sporophyte was also studied with emphasis on leaf morphology and the vascular system. There were vascular bundles of dictyostele without secondary vascular tissues. Sporogenesis was scrutinized from sporangial initial of a single surface cell to the annulus shedding spores explosively. Our findings provide insight into the life cycle of the leptosporangiate ferns under experimental conditions, and make it possible for A. capillus-veneris to be an underlying model plant for the study of evolutionary and developmental biology.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of the morphology, anatomy, and ontogeny of Adiantum capillus‐veneris: An experimental system to study the development of ferns

Fang

Yang

et al. 2013

J of Sytematics Evolution

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“…The fertile leaves of the sister families Psilotaceae and Ophioglossaceae are unusual in that the synangia in the former and the sporangia-bearing portion in the latter arise adaxially (Imaichi and Nishida, 1986; Wagner, 1990; Schneider, 2013). The fertile leaves of all other ferns bear sporangia abaxially (marginally in some groups such as the Hymenophyllaceae and Culcitaceae).…”

Section: Ferns With Unusual Leaf Morphologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The evolution, morphology, and development of fern leaves

Vasco¹,

Moran²,

Ambrose³

2013

Front. Plant Sci.

113

102

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Leaves are lateral determinate structures formed in a predictable sequence (phyllotaxy) on the flanks of an indeterminate shoot apical meristem. The origin and evolution of leaves in vascular plants has been widely debated. Being the main conspicuous organ of nearly all vascular plants and often easy to recognize as such, it seems surprising that leaves have had multiple origins. For decades, morphologists, anatomists, paleobotanists, and systematists have contributed data to this debate. More recently, molecular genetic studies have provided insight into leaf evolution and development mainly within angiosperms and, to a lesser extent, lycophytes. There has been recent interest in extending leaf evolutionary developmental studies to other species and lineages, particularly in lycophytes and ferns. Therefore, a review of fern leaf morphology, evolution and development is timely. Here we discuss the theories of leaf evolution in ferns, morphology, and diversity of fern leaves, and experimental results of fern leaf development. We summarize what is known about the molecular genetics of fern leaf development and what future studies might tell us about the evolution of fern leaf development.

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“…Fern embryos do not develop in a bipolar manner (Hou & Hill, ). The embryonic RAM is only briefly present and the permanent fern roots arise adventitiously from a shoot, a process termed primary homorhizy (Goebel, ; Schneider, ) that is clearly distinguished from (secondary) homorhizic angiosperms with long‐living embryonic roots (Hou & Hill, ; Bellini et al ., ). Instead of bearing a QC‐centred SCN, fern roots have a single root apical cell (RAC) that gives rise to root tissues (Gunning et al ., ; Hou & Blancaflor, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytokinin‐induced promotion of root meristem size in the fern Azolla supports a shoot‐like origin of euphyllophyte roots

et al. 2015

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Summary The phytohormones cytokinin and auxin orchestrate the root meristem development in angiosperms by determining embryonic bipolarity. Ferns, having the most basal euphyllophyte root, form neither bipolar embryos nor permanent embryonic primary roots but rather an adventitious root system. This raises the questions of how auxin and cytokinin govern fern root system architecture and whether this can tell us something about the origin of that root.Using Azolla filiculoides, we characterized the influence of IAA and zeatin on adventitious fern root meristems and vasculature by Nomarski microscopy. Simultaneously, RNAseq analyses, yielding 36 091 contigs, were used to uncover how the phytohormones affect root tip gene expression.We show that auxin restricts Azolla root meristem development, while cytokinin promotes it; it is the opposite effect of what is observed in Arabidopsis. Global gene expression profiling uncovered 145 genes significantly regulated by cytokinin or auxin, including cell wall modulators, cell division regulators and lateral root formation coordinators.Our data illuminate both evolution and development of fern roots. Promotion of meristem size through cytokinin supports the idea that root meristems of euphyllophytes evolved from shoot meristems. The foundation of these roots was laid in a postembryonically branching shoot system.

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Evolutionary Morphology of Ferns (Monilophytes)

Cited by 27 publications

References 100 publications

Overview of the morphology, anatomy, and ontogeny of Adiantum capillus‐veneris: An experimental system to study the development of ferns

Overview of the morphology, anatomy, and ontogeny of Adiantum capillus‐veneris: An experimental system to study the development of ferns

The evolution, morphology, and development of fern leaves

Cytokinin‐induced promotion of root meristem size in the fern Azolla supports a shoot‐like origin of euphyllophyte roots

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