Evolutionary History of Terrestrial Pathogens and Endoparasites as Revealed in Fossils and Subfossils

Poinar, George

doi:10.1155/2014/181353

Cited by 25 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 125 publications

(121 reference statements)

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“…Poinar and Boucot, 2006;Da Silva et al, 2014;Hugot et al, 2014) and desiccated dung of more recent ages (Poinar, 2014) can reveal the presence of vertebrateparasitic nematodes. Ancient dung samples also are one of the best resources for establishing early records of human nematode parasites (Gonçalves et al, 2003).…”

Section: Coprolitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Geological Record of Parasitic Nematode Evolution

Poinar

2015

Advances in Parasitology

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Section: Coprolitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is quite a time lapse to the next oldest record of vertebrate pinworms in Holocene and Pleistocene deposits Over, 1962, 1966;Poinar, 2014).…”

Section: Origin Of Nematode Parasites Of Vertebratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Geological Record of Parasitic Nematode Evolution

Poinar

2015

Advances in Parasitology

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“…The individual was apparently an old imago, as is documented by the presence of few parasites as well as by numerous broken setae and detached hairs. However, the large piece of amber does not allow the documentation and identification of the globular multicellular parasites attached to the head and body as well as the parasite-like looking cells with dichotomous filaments on the knee articulations (Myanmar amber also yielded a gametocyst of the gregarine protozoan parasite, Primigregarina burmanica (Poinar 2014) attached to a cockroach). Some sensilla detachments were apparently not caused by the trapping in amber, but rather happened during life prior to deposition because they are missing or are damaged in numerous small areas of the body (especially on legs) and do not occur in the adjacent parts of amber.…”

Section: Phylogenetically Annotated List Of Characters Of the Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

New predatory cockroaches (Insecta: Blattaria: Manipulatoridae fam.n.) from the Upper Cretaceous Myanmar amber

Vršanský¹,

Bechly²

2015

Geologica Carpathica

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Abstract:We describe a new extinct lineage Manipulatoridae (new family) of cockroaches from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) amber of Myanmar. Manipulator modificaputis gen. et sp. n. is a morphologically unique extinct cockroach that represents the first (of a total of 29 known worldwide) cockroach family reported exclusively from the Myanmar amber. This family represents an early side branch of the stem group of Mantodea (most probably a sister group of Eadiidae within Blattaria/Corydioidea) because it has some synapomorphies with the Mantodea (including the stem group and Eadiidae). This family also retains symplesiomorphies that exclude a position in the crown group, and furthermore has unique autapomorphies that exclude a position as a direct ancestor of Mantodea. The unique adaptations such as strongly elongated extremities and freely movable head on a long neck suggest that these animals were pursuit predators. Five additional specimens (including two immatures) reported from the Myanmar amber suggest that this group was relatively rare but belonged to the indigenous and autochthonous inhabitants of the ancient amber forest of the Myanmar region.

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“…Berbee et al subsequently confirmed its accuracy and estimate an age of Ophiocordycipitaceae was 122 Mya (95% HPD: 109–138 Mya) [ 41 ]. Some additional examples of fungal pathogens in Dominican amber (30–45 Mya based on coccoliths) are synnemata produced by a Hirsutella -like fungus on a Troctopsocopsis bark louse [ 45 ]. The fossil was used for a crown calibration point for Hirsutella (asexual morphs) in Bayesian relaxed clock analyses and in age estimates of its crown group, dating it at least to the Early Cretaceous (101.9 Mya).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimated divergence times of Hirsutella (asexual morphs) in Ophiocordyceps provides insight into evolution of phialide structure

Zhou

et al. 2018

BMC Evol Biol

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BackgroundHirsutella Pat genus, the asexual morphs of the Ophiocordyceps Sung, is globally distributed entomopathogenic fungi, which infect a variety of arthropods, mites and nematodes. The fungal species also have shown potential application in the field of biological control, bio-medicine and food development. Although these fungi are synonymized under Ophiocordyceps, formal taxonomic assignments remain necessary for classification of species in Hirsutella. However, due to the heterogeneity and complexity of Hirsutella genus, more detailed taxonomic and phylogenetic analyses are required to address the following subjects: (1) the relationships between the phialide morphological characteristics and phylogenetic information of Hirsutella with asexual morphs, (2) the origin and evolution of the phialide structure, and (3) host specificity and fungal pathogenicity.ResultsFive typical phialide structures are summarized, in which the variation in phialide characteristics overlaps well with phylogenetic information. A new member of the special twisted neck clade in the Hirsutella-like group, Ophiocordyceps retorta, was reported based on these analyses. The molecular clock calibration analysis based on one fossil record revealed that Hirsutella (asexual morph) species originated from a common ancestor approximately 102 million years ago (Mya) (Early Cretaceous, Lower Albian) and then resolved into two major lineages. One lineage was typically phialidic, which was a larger shape, including H. guyana, H. nodulosa and H. sinensis clades (86.9 Mya, 95% highest posterior density (HPD): 69.1–101.4 Mya). Another main lineage of the phialides was more diversified and smaller than the former, which included H. citriformis and H. thompsonii clades (71.9 Mya, 95% HPD: 41.8–99.6 Mya).ConclusionsOur results showed that certain phialide characteristics of Hirsutella were phylogenetically informative for two groups of taxa. The differentiation of the phialides structures in the major clades demonstrated a clear evolutionary path of Hirsutella (asexual morph) species, which exhibited two trends depending on the host size. Fungi in one of the groups displayed elongated conidiogenous cells with increased complexity of auxiliary structures from the mycelia. The species in another group reduced the volume of phialides and spores, which might be due to an energy-efficient strategy. These results suggested that a common origin allowed for diversification of given clades into separate niches. The distinct parallel evolutionary path combined with the specific phialides structure might result in the host specificity of Hirsutella (asexual morphs). A direct relationship between Hirsutella (asexual morphs) and the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction was not found, which suggested that the diversity of phialides is more likely to be caused by long-term environmental adaptation and evolution rather than dramatic extinction events. This evolutionary result might correspond to the background of important biological and geological events in the late Creta...

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Evolutionary History of Terrestrial Pathogens and Endoparasites as Revealed in Fossils and Subfossils

Cited by 25 publications

References 125 publications

The Geological Record of Parasitic Nematode Evolution

The Geological Record of Parasitic Nematode Evolution

New predatory cockroaches (Insecta: Blattaria: Manipulatoridae fam.n.) from the Upper Cretaceous Myanmar amber

Estimated divergence times of Hirsutella (asexual morphs) in Ophiocordyceps provides insight into evolution of phialide structure

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