Evolutionary history of dog rabies in Brazil

Kobayashi, Yuki; Suzuki, Yoshiyuki; Itou, Takuya; Ito, Fumio; Sakai, Takeo; Gojobori, Takashi

doi:10.1099/vir.0.026468-0

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(35 reference statements)

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“…According to rough molecular clock estimates, the RABLV cosmopolitan variant diverged and became established in multiple species of mesocarnivores across the Old World, the Americas and the Caribbean region in the 1700s, with a 95% probability density interval, indicating a most likely period of spread between 1642 and 1782 ( Fig. 2 ) ( Kobayashi et al, 2011 ). The following sections review recognized, well-established epizootics of dog-derived RABLV in skunks, coyotes, gray foxes and mongooses.…”

Section: Spillovers Of Dog-maintained Rabies Viruses To Other Terrmentioning

confidence: 99%

The history of rabies in the Western Hemisphere

Mauldin²,

et al. 2017

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Before the introduction of control programs in the 20th century, rabies in domestic dogs occurred throughout the Western Hemisphere. However, historical records and phylogenetic analysis of multiple virus isolates indicate that, before the arrival of the first European colonizers, rabies virus was likely present only in bats and skunks. Canine rabies was either rare or absent among domestic dogs of Native Americans, and first arrived when many new dog breeds were imported during the period of European colonization. The introduction of the cosmopolitan dog rabies lyssavirus variant and the marked expansion of the dog population provided ideal conditions for the flourishing of enzootic canine rabies. The shift of dog-maintained viruses into gray foxes, coyotes, skunks and other wild mesocarnivores throughout the Americas and to mongooses in the Caribbean has augmented the risk of human rabies exposures and has complicated control efforts. At the same time, the continued presence of bat rabies poses novel challenges in the absolute elimination of canine and human rabies. This article compiles existing historical and phylogenetic evidence of the origins and subsequent dynamics of rabies in the Western Hemisphere, from the era preceding the arrival of the first European colonizers through the present day. A companion article reviews the current status of canine rabies control throughout the Western Hemisphere and steps that will be required to achieve and maintain its complete elimination (Velasco-Villa et al., in press).

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Section: Spillovers Of Dog-maintained Rabies Viruses To Other Terrmentioning

confidence: 99%

The history of rabies in the Western Hemisphere

Mauldin²,

et al. 2017

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“…Carnieli et al [ 48 ] found that the lineages in the southeastern region of Brazil in the 1970s were closer to the most recent common ancestor of all the lineages than the lineages in the midwestern, northern and northeastern regions. Based on previous studies [ 60 , 61 , 62 ], Carnieli et al [ 48 ] hypothesize that the urbanization of new regions, development of roads, human migration have a major impact on the spread of rabies. Carnieli et al [ 48 ] suggest that the move of capital to the midwestern region of Brazil experienced significant economic growth along with migratory flow of humans causing the spread of RABV from southeastern region to other regions in Brazil.…”

Section: Discrete Phylogeographic Inferencementioning

confidence: 99%

On the Use of Phylogeographic Inference to Infer the Dispersal History of Rabies Virus: A Review Study

Nahata

Bollen

Gill

et al. 2021

Viruses

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Rabies is a neglected zoonotic disease which is caused by negative strand RNA-viruses belonging to the genus Lyssavirus. Within this genus, rabies viruses circulate in a diverse set of mammalian reservoir hosts, is present worldwide, and is almost always fatal in non-vaccinated humans. Approximately 59,000 people are still estimated to die from rabies each year, leading to a global initiative to work towards the goal of zero human deaths from dog-mediated rabies by 2030, requiring scientific efforts from different research fields. The past decade has seen a much increased use of phylogeographic and phylodynamic analyses to study the evolution and spread of rabies virus. We here review published studies in these research areas, making a distinction between the geographic resolution associated with the available sequence data. We pay special attention to environmental factors that these studies found to be relevant to the spread of rabies virus. Importantly, we highlight a knowledge gap in terms of applying these methods when all required data were available but not fully exploited. We conclude with an overview of recent methodological developments that have yet to be applied in phylogeographic and phylodynamic analyses of rabies virus.

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“…This study found that 10 variables were associated with the presence of canine rabies: an urban population, immunization coverage, a lack of a cold chain for vaccines, a lack of participation in surveillance committees, the lack of an epidemiological map, the unavailability of a rabies diagnosis laboratory, the absence of trained human resources, the absence of a zoonosis center for observing dogs, comparative analysis between monthly and semester basis data, and the percentage of people displaced by internal violence [ 68 ]. In Brazil, a study was launched to investigate the evolutionary history of dog rabies virus in the country, and concluded that the movement of rabid dogs, along with human activities since the 19th century, promoted the introduction and expansion of dog rabies virus in Brazil [ 69 ]. In Bolivia, the government issued a regulation for rabies control in 2005 owing to increases in the prevalence of dog and human rabies cases.…”

Section: A Looming Threat To Public Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, where dog rabies was endemic, an investigation on dog rabies vaccination coverage and risk factors associated with dogs being unvaccinated against rabies found that almost two-thirds of dogs were allowed to roam freely in the streets, parks, and yards throughout the day, with the majority of these dogs doing so unvaccinated [ 70 ]. From a historical perspective, it is worth noting that dog rabies had never been recorded in South America before European colonization [ 69 ], but today domestic dogs remain the most significant species for viral transmission, responsible for millions of suspect human exposures.…”

Section: A Looming Threat To Public Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Canine Rabies: A Looming Threat to Public Health

Burgos-Cáceres

2011

Animals

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Simple SummaryThis review is guided by three questions: What is canine rabies? Why is it a looming threat to public health? Why should we care about canine rabies being a public health threat? It seeks to answer these questions and notes that canine rabies is viral zoonosis with dogs being the major vectors. The disease is a looming threat to public health because rabid dogs bite humans, resulting in thousands of deaths every year. We should care about this evolving situation because, in general, rabies is a neglected disease for which there are vaccines, preventive measures, post-exposure prophylaxis, and control protocols.AbstractRabies is an acute, fatal viral disease that infects domestic and wild animals and is transmissible to humans. Worldwide, rabies kills over 55,000 people every year. The domestic dog plays a pivotal role in rabies transmission. Domestic dogs are not only part of our daily lives but also of our immediate surroundings, and this is reflected in the rise in pet dog ownership in developed and developing countries. This is important given that more frequent exposures and interactions at the animal-human interface increases the likelihood of contracting zoonotic diseases of companion animals. Despite existing vaccines and post-exposure prophylactic treatment, rabies remains a neglected disease that is poorly controlled throughout much of the developing world, particularly Africa and Asia, where most human rabies deaths occur. It is believed that with sustained international commitments, global elimination of rabies from domestic dog populations, the most dangerous vector to humans, is a realistic goal.

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Evolutionary history of dog rabies in Brazil

Cited by 14 publications

References 23 publications

The history of rabies in the Western Hemisphere

The history of rabies in the Western Hemisphere

On the Use of Phylogeographic Inference to Infer the Dispersal History of Rabies Virus: A Review Study

Canine Rabies: A Looming Threat to Public Health

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