Evolutionary history limits species’ ability to match color sensitivity to available habitat light

Abstract

The spectrum of light that an animal sees – from ultraviolet to far red light – is governed by the number and wavelength sensitivity of a family of retinal proteins called opsins. It has been hypothesized that the spectrum of light available in an environment influences the range of colors that a species has evolved to see. However, invertebrates and vertebrates use phylogenetically distinct opsins in their retinae, and it remains unclear whether these distinct opsins influence what animals see, or how they adapt to their light environments. Systematically utilizing published visual sensitivity data from across animal phyla, we found that terrestrial animals are more sensitive to shorter and longer wavelengths of light than aquatic animals, and that invertebrates are more sensitive to shorter wavelengths of light than vertebrates. Controlling for phylogeny removes the effects of habitat and lineage on visual sensitivity. Closed and open habitat terrestrial species have similar spectral sensitivities when comparing across the Metazoa, and deep water animals are more sensitive to shorter wavelengths of light than shallow water animals. Our results suggest that animals do adapt to their light environment, however the invertebrate-vertebrate evolutionary divergence has limited the degree to which animals can perform visual tuning.

Red vision in animals is broadly associated with lighting environment but not types of visual task

“…Furthermore, lighting environment may influence the presence of a LWS photoreceptor, rather than the peak sensitivity. Both datasets support this hypothesis; we identified more species with an LWS photoreceptor from intermediate or closed habitats ( n = 47) compared to open habitats ( n = 31), and Murphy and Westerman ( 2022a ) indicates 57% of species from closed or intermediate habitats have an LWS photoreceptor (λ max ≥ 550 nm) compared to only 27% of species from open habitats. Taken together, these results suggest that a LWS photoreceptor may be beneficial in intermediate or closed terrestrial habitats but there is limited evidence for consistent correlations between LWS peak sensitivity and habitat for terrestrial animals.…”