Evolutionary explosions and the phylogenetic fuse

Cooper, Alan; Fortey, Richard A.

doi:10.1016/s0169-5347(97)01277-9

Cited by 181 publications

(123 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…This is consistent with many previous molecular studies (Hedges et al, 1996;Penny and Hasegawa, 1997;Kumar and Hedges, 1998;Cooper and Fortey, 1998;Bromham et al, 1999;Penny et al 1999;Waddell et al, 1999b;Easteal, 1999;Cao et al, 2000;Nikaido et al, 2001a;Springer et al, 2003), but is much older than the traditional view that the diversifications among different eutherian orders occurred after the KT boundary (Carroll, 1997;Benton, 1999;Foote et al, 1999;Alroy, 1999;Archibald and Deutschman, 2001). Indeed, the molecular time estimates for the origins of several major groups of eutherians substantially predate their oldest known occurrences in the fossil records (e.g., Hedges et al, 1996).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Foote et al assumed that morphological divergence occurred soon after lineage splitting, but this assumption may not hold. In particular, the dominance of dinosaurs during the Mesozoic likely restricted the mammals into a niche similar to that of extant insectivores and rodents, and therefore it would be reasonable to expect that these shrew-and mouse-like ancestral forms are difficult to be distinguished morphologically, even though the lineage splittings had occurred during this period due to the continental separations and to other factors (Cooper and Fortey, 1998). It is important to notice that a lineage separation does not always accompany morphological diversification.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Time scale of eutherian evolution estimated without assuming a constant rate of molecular evolution.

2003

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Controversies over the molecular clock hypothesis were reviewed. Since it is evident that the molecular clock does not hold in an exact sense, accounting for evolution of the rate of molecular evolution is a prerequisite when estimating divergence times with molecular sequences. Recently proposed statistical methods that account for this rate variation are overviewed and one of these procedures is applied to the mitochondrial protein sequences and to the nuclear gene sequences from many mammalian species in order to estimate the time scale of eutherian evolution. This Bayesian method not only takes account of the variation of molecular evolutionary rate among lineages and among genes, but it also incorporates fossil evidence via constraints on node times. With denser taxonomic sampling and a more realistic model of molecular evolution, this Bayesian approach is expected to increase the accuracy of divergence time estimates.Key words: Bayesian method, divergence times, variation of evolutionary MOLECULAR CLOCKSince Pauling (1962, 1965) first recognized the possibility that proteins evolve at steady rates, the notion has aroused many controversies (Wilson et al., 1977;Kimura, 1983;Britten, 1986;Gillespie, 1991;Graur and Li, 2000). This hypothetical constancy of molecular evolution is called the molecular clock.The neutral theory provides a simple and successful explanation for a large number of observations of molecular evolution (Kimura, 1968(Kimura, , 1983). Yet the theory does not necessarily predict the molecular clock, since it simply predicts that the rate of molecular evolution is equal to the rate of neutral mutation, and the mutation rate may possibly be related to generation time rather than absolute time as suggested by many authors (e.g., Laird et al., 1969;Kohne, 1970). The generation time in rodents is much shorter than that in humans, and therefore the number of germline replications per year might be much higher in rodents than in humans.Britten (1986) showed that the rate of DNA evolution has been retarded in anthropoids compared with the rates in prosimians and in rodents. Wu and Li (1985) suggested that the rate of nucleotide substitution in rodents such as mice and rats is higher than that in humans, and that the ratio of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the rodent line to that in the human line since their divergence is 1.3 for nonsynonymous (amino acid replacing) substitutions and 2.0 for synonymous substitutions. It seems plausible that mice and rats evolve more rapidly than higher primates in the nuclear genes (Waterston et al., 2002), but the difference of the rate between rodents and humans seems smaller than the difference of the generation time between the two lineages. Genetic changes in evolution are the results of fixation of mutations that occurred in the germ cells, that is, eggs and sperms, and mutation rate may differ between female and male gametogenesis. Since the number of germ cell divisions is expected to be larger in males than in females, males are expected to ...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time scale of eutherian evolution estimated without assuming a constant rate of molecular evolution.

2003

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“…Olson 1989;Cooper & Penny 1997;Rich et al 1999;Madsen et al 2001). The details of these radiations are difficult to correlate with the fossil record due to the fact that very few Paleogene bird faunas are known from the Southern Hemisphere (Cooper & Penny 1997;Cooper & Fortey 1998). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Gondwanan origin of passerine birds supported by DNA sequences of the endemic New Zealand wrens

Ericson

Christidis

Cooper

et al. 2002

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

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315

281

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Zoogeographic, palaeontological and biochemical data support a Southern Hemisphere origin for passerine birds, while accumulating molecular data suggest that most extant avian orders originated in the midLate Cretaceous. We obtained DNA sequence data from the nuclear c-myc and RAG-1 genes of the major passerine groups and here we demonstrate that the endemic New Zealand wrens (Acanthisittidae) are the sister taxon to all other extant passerines, supporting a Gondwanan origin and early radiation of passerines. We propose that (i) the acanthisittids were isolated when New Zealand separated from Gondwana (ca. 82-85 Myr ago), (ii) suboscines, in turn, were derived from an ancestral lineage that inhabited western Gondwana, and (iii) the ancestors of the oscines (songbirds) were subsequently isolated by the separation of Australia from Antarctica. The later spread of passerines into the Northern Hemisphere reflects the northward migration of these former Gondwanan elements.

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“…In order to verify that contrasts were properly standardized, we performed a regression of the absolute values of standardized contrasts versus their standard deviations (Garland et al 1992) using CAIC. We used a working phylogeny of the mammalian species in the data set which was derived from several sources (see Cooper & Fortey 1998;Morand & Poulin 1998) (¢gure 1). A positive correlation between parasite species richness and sampling e¡ort has been observed in many studies (Morand 2000).…”

Section: (B) Comparative Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mammalian metabolism, longevity and parasite species richness

Morand

Harvey

2000

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

111

100

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Basal metabolic rate (BMR) scales allometrically with body mass in mammals, but the reasons why some species have higher or lower metabolic rates than predicted from their body mass remain unclear. We tested the idea that parasite species richness may be a contributory factor by performing a comparative analysis on 23 species of mammals for which data were available on parasite species richness, BMR, body mass and two potentially confounding variables, i.e. host density and host longevity. Parasite species richness was positively correlated with BMR and negatively correlated with host longevity independent of body mass.

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Evolutionary explosions and the phylogenetic fuse

Cited by 181 publications

References 36 publications

Time scale of eutherian evolution estimated without assuming a constant rate of molecular evolution.

Time scale of eutherian evolution estimated without assuming a constant rate of molecular evolution.

A Gondwanan origin of passerine birds supported by DNA sequences of the endemic New Zealand wrens

Mammalian metabolism, longevity and parasite species richness

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