Evolutionary Conservation of the <i>FLOWERING LOCUS C</i>-Mediated Vernalization Response: Evidence From the Sugar Beet (<i>Beta vulgaris</i>)

Reeves, Patrick A.; He, Yuehui; Schmitz, Robert J.; Amasino, Richard M.; Panella, Lee; Richards, Christopher M.

doi:10.1534/genetics.106.069336

Cited by 143 publications

(147 citation statements)

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“…FLC-like genes have been mainly identified as vernalization-controlled floral repressors in Arabidopsis, Brassica and sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) (Michaels and Amasino, 1999;Tadege et al, 2001;Schranz et al, 2002;Reeves et al, 2007). Natural variation in FLC gene activity is associated with flowering time variation and differential vernalization response among ecotypes (see Glossary, Box 1) of Arabidopsis and related species (Schranz et al, 2002;Nah and Chen, 2010;Salomé et al, 2011).…”

Section: Transition To Floweringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental and evolutionary diversity of plant MADS-domain factors: insights from recent studies

et al. 2012

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SummaryMembers of the MADS-box transcription factor family play essential roles in almost every developmental process in plants. Many MADS-box genes have conserved functions across the flowering plants, but some have acquired novel functions in specific species during evolution. The analyses of MADS-domain protein interactions and target genes have provided new insights into their molecular functions. Here, we review recent findings on MADS-box gene functions in Arabidopsis and discuss the evolutionary history and functional diversification of this gene family in plants. We also discuss possible mechanisms of action of MADS-domain proteins based on their interactions with chromatin-associated factors and other transcriptional regulators. Key words: MADS-box genes, Plant development, Evolution, Transcriptional regulationIntroduction MADS-domain transcription factors comprise one of the beststudied gene families in plants and members of this family play prominent roles in plant development. Two decades ago, the first MADS-box genes AGAMOUS (AG) from Arabidopsis thaliana (Yanofsky et al., 1990) and DEFICIENS (DEF) from Antirrhinum majus (Schwarz-Sommer et al., 1990) were discovered as regulators of floral organ identity. The sequence of the ~60 amino acid DNA-binding domains within these proteins showed striking similarities to that of the previously characterized proteins serum response factor (SRF) in Homo sapiens (Norman et al., 1988) and Minichromosome maintenance 1 (Mcm1) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Passmore et al., 1988). This shared and conserved domain was named the MADS domain (for MCM1, AG, DEF and SRF) and is present in all MADS-domain transcription factor family members (Schwarz-Sommer et al., 1990). Structural analysis of animal and yeast MADS domains showed that the N-terminal and central parts of the MADS domain make contacts with the DNA, while the C-terminal part of this domain contributes mainly to protein dimerization, resulting in a DNA-binding protein dimer consisting of two interacting MADS monomers (e.g. Pellegrini et al., 1995;Huang et al., 2000). Over the past 22 years, many MADS-box gene functions were uncovered in the model species Arabidopsis thaliana and in other flowering plants. Important model plant species for MADS-box gene research include snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) (reviewed by Schwarz-Sommer et al., 2003), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), petunia (Petunia hybrida) (Gerats and Vandenbussche, 2005), gerbera (Gerbera hybrida) (Teeri et al., 2006) and rice (Oryza sativa) (reviewed by Yoshida and Nagato, 2011).Initially, MADS-box genes were found to be major players in floral organ specification, but more recent studies revealed functions for MADS-box genes in the morphogenesis of almost all organs and throughout the plant life cycle, from embryo to gametophyte development. The MADS-box gene family in higher plants is significantly larger than that found in animals or fungi, with more than 100 genes in representative flowering plant Development 139, 3081-3098 (2012) REVIEW Box 1...

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Section: Transition To Floweringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental and evolutionary diversity of plant MADS-domain factors: insights from recent studies

et al. 2012

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“…It is tempting to propose that FRI underwent neofunctionalization for generating FRI-C to regulate the flowering repressor FLC. Recently, the FLC homolog in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris), which is outside the Brassicaceae family, has been reported to play a critical role in the vernalization pathway (Reeves et al, 2007). It may be interesting to ascertain whether the FRI-FLC regulatory module is also conserved in the plant family that includes the sugar beet.…”

Section: Conservation and Specification Of The Fri Complexmentioning

confidence: 99%

The FRIGIDA Complex Activates Transcription of FLC, a Strong Flowering Repressor in Arabidopsis, by Recruiting Chromatin Modification Factors

et al. 2011

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The flowering of Arabidopsis thaliana winter annuals is delayed until the subsequent spring by the strong floral repressor FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). FRIGIDA (FRI) activates the transcription of FLC, but the molecular mechanism remains elusive. The fri mutation causes early flowering with reduced FLC expression similar to frl1, fes1, suf4, and flx, which are mutants of FLC-specific regulators. Here, we report that FRI acts as a scaffold protein interacting with FRL1, FES1, SUF4, and FLX to form a transcription activator complex (FRI-C). Each component of FRI-C has a specialized function. SUF4 binds to a cis-element of the FLC promoter, FLX and FES1 have transcriptional activation potential, and FRL1 and FES1 stabilize the complex. FRI-C recruits a general transcription factor, a TAF14 homolog, and chromatin modification factors, the SWR1 complex and SET2 homolog. Complex formation was confirmed by the immunoprecipitation of FRI-associated proteins followed by mass spectrometric analysis. Our results provide insight into how a specific transcription activator recruits chromatin modifiers to regulate a key flowering gene.

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“…FLC and the MADS AFFECTING FLOWERING (MAF) genes were once suspected of being a Brassicaceaespecific clade (De Bodt et al 2003). However, recent work has determined that FLC homologs are present in diverse eudicots and can act as cold-repressed regulators of flowering (Hileman et al 2006;Reeves et al 2007). While temperature's influence on flowering in sunflower is well documented (Goyne and Schneiter 1988;Goyne et al 1989), to our knowledge there is no evidence of vernalization sensitivity.…”

Section: Flowering Time Gene Homologs In Sunflowermentioning

confidence: 99%

Contributions of Flowering Time Genes to Sunflower Domestication and Improvement

et al. 2011

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Determining the identity and distribution of molecular changes leading to the evolution of modern crop species provides major insights into the timing and nature of historical forces involved in rapid phenotypic evolution. In this study, we employed an integrated candidate gene strategy to identify loci involved in the evolution of flowering time during early domestication and modern improvement of the sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Sunflower homologs of many genes with known functions in flowering time were isolated and cataloged. Then, colocalization with previously mapped quantitative trait loci (QTLs), expression, or protein sequence differences between wild and domesticated sunflower, and molecular evolutionary signatures of selective sweeps were applied as step-wise criteria for narrowing down an original pool of 30 candidates. This process led to the discovery that five paralogs in the FLOWERING LOCUS T/TERMINAL FLOWER 1 gene family experienced selective sweeps during the evolution of cultivated sunflower and may be the causal loci underlying flowering time QTLs. Our findings suggest that gene duplication fosters evolutionary innovation and that natural variation in both coding and regulatory sequences of these paralogs responded to a complex history of artificial selection on flowering time during the evolution of cultivated sunflower.

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Evolutionary Conservation of the FLOWERING LOCUS C-Mediated Vernalization Response: Evidence From the Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris)

Cited by 143 publications

References 75 publications

Developmental and evolutionary diversity of plant MADS-domain factors: insights from recent studies

Developmental and evolutionary diversity of plant MADS-domain factors: insights from recent studies

The FRIGIDA Complex Activates Transcription of FLC, a Strong Flowering Repressor in Arabidopsis, by Recruiting Chromatin Modification Factors

Contributions of Flowering Time Genes to Sunflower Domestication and Improvement

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