Evolutionary consequences of postglacial colonization of fresh water by primitively anadromous fishes

Bell, Michael A.; Andrews, Chris

doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-8880-6_12

Cited by 37 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 161 publications

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“…Differentiation along the benthic-limnetic axis is evident both within and between populations and between species (Bell & Andrews, 1997). Because differentiation along the benthic-limnetic axis occurs at levels on both sides of the species “boundary”, it has been implicated as a potential means of speciation in several groups of freshwater fishes such as Arctic char (Malmquist et al ., 1992; Savvaitova, 1995; Adams et al ., 1998; Jonsson & Skúlason, 2000; Jonsson & Jonsson, 2001; Guiguer et al ., 2002; McCarthy et al ., 2004), sunfish (Mittelbach, Osenberg & Wainwright, 1992; Robinson & Wilson, 1996; Jastrebski & Robinson, 2004), and numerous other groups (Schluter & McPhail, 1992; Robinson & Wilson, 1994; Bernatchez et al ., 1996; Schluter, 1996; Logan et al ., 2000; Grey, 2001; Ostbye et al ., 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Classification of threespine stickleback along the benthic-limnetic axis

Willacker

Hippel

Wilton

et al. 2010

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society

115

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Many species of fish display morphological divergence between individuals feeding on macroinvertebrates associated with littoral habitats (benthic morphotypes) and individuals feeding on zooplankton in the limnetic zone (limnetic morphotypes). Threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) have diverged along the benthic-limnetic axis into allopatric morphotypes in thousands of populations and into sympatric species pairs in several lakes. However, only a few well known populations have been studied because identifying additional populations as either benthic or limnetic requires detailed dietary or observational studies. Here we develop a Fisher’s linear discriminant function based on the skull morphology of known benthic and limnetic stickleback populations from the Cook Inlet Basin of Alaska and test the feasibility of using this function to identify other morphologically divergent populations. Benthic and limnetic morphotypes were separable using this technique and of 45 populations classified, three were identified as morphologically extreme (two benthic and one limnetic), nine as moderately divergent (three benthic and six limnetic) and the remaining 33 populations as morphologically intermediate. Classification scores were found to correlate with eye size, the depth profile of lakes, and the presence of invasive northern pike (Esox lucius). This type of classification function provides a means of integrating the complex morphological differences between morphotypes into a single score that reflects the position of a population along the benthic-limnetic axis and can be used to relate that position to other aspects of stickleback biology.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Classification of threespine stickleback along the benthic-limnetic axis

Willacker

Hippel

Wilton

et al. 2010

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society

115

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“…Intraspecific morphological variability in fishes often results from competition for resources in heterogeneous environments (Robinson & Wilson, 1994;Bell & Andrews, 1997;Skú lason et al, 1999) or from spatial or temporal heterogeneity in predation intensity (Brö nmark & Miner, 1992;Swain, 1992;Hori, 1993). Trophic polymorphisms are relatively frequent in oligotrophic, post-glacial, temperate lakes with low species diversity, and have been reported for fishes in both the northern hemisphere [e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predator associated morphology in Galaxias platei in Patagonian lakes

Milano

Cussac

Macchi

et al. 2002

Journal of Fish Biology

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Among 158 Galaxias platei individuals, collected from nine deep Andean lakes and from one shallow lake on the Patagonian steppe, morphological characters associated with caudal fin length were negatively correlated with predation intensity as measured by the incidence of piscivory. Fish from lakes with high rates of piscivory had relatively short caudal fins and those from lakes with low piscivory had long caudal fins. It is hypothesized that in this species caudal fin length affects swimming ability and thus, ability to escape from predators. The population of G. platei from Lake Espejo with an intermediate level of piscivory contained individuals with both long and short caudal fins. Morphological variation within this lake was related to the exploitation of food resources and habitat; individuals with shorter tails ate more amphipods and inhabited shallower habitats. The results indicated that while the among-lakes morphological variation in G. platei was influenced largely by differences in predation intensity, within-lake morphological variation, where predation was intermediate, appeared to be affected by both predation and differences in the exploitation of food resources.

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“…They typically reside in lakes that are depauperate in species, and that are comparatively young, as indicated by the dates of the most recent glacial recession in the regions of the northern hemisphere a¡ected by the last glacial advance (McPhail & Lindsey 1986;Bell & Foster 1994;McPhail 1994;Schluter 1996). Closely related species are sometimes found within lakes where they exhibit morphological and trophic di¡er-ences that parallel those observed within and across populations (reviews in Schluter & McPhail 1993;McPhail 1994;Robinson & Wilson 1994;Sku¨lasson & Smith 1995;Smith & Sku¨lasson 1996;Bell & Foster 1994;Schluter 1996;Bell & Andrews 1997). The example we o¡er, that of the threespine stickleback species complex, is unusual even among postglacial ¢shes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nested biological variation and speciation

Foster

Scott

Cresko

1998

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B

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The modes of speciation that are thought to have contributed most to the generation of biodiversity require population di¡erentiation as the initial stage in the speciation process. Consequently, a complete understanding of the mechanisms of speciation requires that the process be examined not just after speciation is complete, or nearly so, but also much earlier. Because reproductive isolation de¢nes biological species, and it evolves slowly, study of the process may require a prohibitive span of time. Even if speciation could be observed directly, selection of populations in the process of speciation is typically di¤cult or impossible, because those that will ultimately undergo speciation cannot be distinguished from those that will di¡er-entiate but never assume the status of new biological species. One means of circumventing this problem is to study speciation in taxa comprising several sibling species, at least one of which exhibits extensive population di¡erentiation. We illustrate this approach by exploring patterns of population variation in the postglacial radiation of the threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. We focus on lacustrine populations and species within this complex, demonstrating parallel axes of divergence within populations, among populations and among species. The pattern that emerges is one of parallel relationships between phenotype and ¢tness at all three hierarchical levels, a pattern that facilitates exploration of the causes and consequences of speciation and secondary contact. A second outcome of this exploration is the observation that speciation can be the consequence of a cascade of e¡ects, beginning with selection on trophic or other characteristics that in turn force the evolution of other population characteristics that precipitate speciation. Neither of these conclusions could have been reached without comparative studies of wild populations at several hierarchical levels, a conclusion reinforced by a brief survey of similar e¡orts to elucidate the process of speciation. We address the issues most likely to be resolved using this approach, and suggest that comparisons of natural variation within taxa at several hierarchical levels may substantially increase our understanding of the speciation process.

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Evolutionary consequences of postglacial colonization of fresh water by primitively anadromous fishes

Cited by 37 publications

References 161 publications

Classification of threespine stickleback along the benthic-limnetic axis

Classification of threespine stickleback along the benthic-limnetic axis

Predator associated morphology in Galaxias platei in Patagonian lakes

Nested biological variation and speciation

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