Evolutionary Changes in the Midface and Mandible: Establishing the Primate Form

Siebert, Joseph R.; Swindler, Daris R.

doi:10.1002/0471221953.ch15

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 82 publications

(118 reference statements)

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“…For instance, a greater or lesser number of turbinals is used to categorize olfactory abilities (Le Gros Clark, 1959; Wako et al, 1999; Ding and Dahl, 2003). In a more general sense, decreasing snout length and complexity are identified as a trend in primate evolution in which respiratory functions increase in emphasis while olfactory functions decrease (Siebert and Swindler, 2002). As a consequence of the differential scaling of mucosa, quantification of ethmoturbinals or snout configuration may not be a valid criterion for inferring olfactory surface area in CT or osteological studies of primates and their ancestors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scaling of the first ethmoturbinal in nocturnal strepsirrhines: Olfactory and respiratory surfaces

Smith

Bhatnagar

Rossie

et al. 2007

The Anatomical Record

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Turbinals (scroll bones, turbinates) are projections from the lateral wall of the nasal fossa. These bones vary from simple folds to branching scrolls. Conventionally, maxilloturbinals comprise the respiratory turbinals, whereas nasoturbinals and ethmoturbinals comprise olfactory turbinals, denoting the primary type of mucosa that lines these conchae. However, the first ethmoturbinal (ETI) appears exceptional in the variability of it mucosal covering. Recently, it was suggested that the distribution of respiratory versus olfactory mucosae varies based on body size or age in strepsirrhine primates (lemurs and lorises). The present study was undertaken to determine how the rostrocaudal distribution of olfactory epithelium (OE) versus non-OE scales relative to palatal length in strepsirrhines. Serially sectioned heads of 20 strepsirrhines (10 neonates, 10 adults) were examined for presence of OE on ETI, rostral to its attachment to the nasal fossa wall (lateral root). Based on known distances between sections of ETI, the rostrocaudal length of OE was measured and compared to the length lined solely by non-OE (primarily respiratory epithelium). In 13 specimens, the total surface area of OE versus non-OE was calculated. Results show that the length of non-OE scales nearly isometrically with cranial length, while OE is more negatively allometric. In surface area, a lesser percentage of non-OE exists in smaller species than larger species and between neonates and adults. Such results are consistent with recent suggestions that the olfactory structures do not scale closely with body size, whereas respiratory structures (e.g., maxilloturbinals) may scale close to isometry. In primates and perhaps other mammals, variation in ETI morphology may reflect dual adaptations for olfaction and endothermy. Anat Rec, 290:215-237, 2007. 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scaling of the first ethmoturbinal in nocturnal strepsirrhines: Olfactory and respiratory surfaces

Smith

Bhatnagar

Rossie

et al. 2007

The Anatomical Record

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“…Therefore, it is considered that the cranial base is under stronger genetic control than the cranial vault and the face (Schilling & Thorogood, 2000;Sperber, 2001). Moreover, it is assumed that the face is the most sensitive skull region to non-genetic factors because it plays a key role in foraging and adaptation to environment and because facial growth is more extended into the postnatal period (Siebert & Swindler, 2002).…”

Section: Morphological Integration In the Human Skullmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heritability of human cranial dimensions: comparing the evolvability of different cranial regions

et al. 2008

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Quantitative craniometrical traits have been successfully incorporated into population genetic methods to provide insight into human population structure. However, little is known about the degree of genetic and non-genetic influences on the phenotypic expression of functionally based traits. Many studies have assessed the heritability of craniofacial traits, but complex patterns of correlation among traits have been disregarded. This is a pitfall as the human skull is strongly integrated. Here we reconsider the evolutionary potential of craniometric traits by assessing their heritability values as well as their patterns of genetic and phenotypic correlation using a large pedigree-structured skull series from Hallstatt (Austria). The sample includes 355 complete adult skulls that have been analysed using 3D geometric morphometric techniques. Heritability estimates for 58 cranial linear distances were computed using maximum likelihood methods. These distances were assigned to the main functional and developmental regions of the skull. Results showed that the human skull has substantial amounts of genetic variation, and a t -test showed that there are no statistically significant differences among the heritabilities of facial, neurocranial and basal dimensions. However, skull evolvability is limited by complex patterns of genetic correlation. Phenotypic and genetic patterns of correlation are consistent but do not support traditional hypotheses of integration of the human shape, showing that the classification between brachy-and dolicephalic skulls is not grounded on the genetic level. Here we support previous findings in the mouse cranium and provide empirical evidence that covariation between the maximum widths of the main developmental regions of the skull is the dominant factor of integration in the human skull.

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“…Teeth consist mainly of dentin and are held within the alveoli by a periodontal ligament 7 . Many non‐human primates have comparatively larger cusps and adjacent anatomical diastemas 8 . The diastema mesial to the maxillary cusps allows the lateral movement of the inferior cusps 5 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…larger cusps and adjacent anatomical diastemas. 8 The diastema mesial to the maxillary cusps allows the lateral movement of the inferior cusps. 5 The number of teeth ranges from 32 to 36, following the formula 2× (2/2 incisors, 1/1 canine, 3/3 premolars, and 3/3 molars).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the main disorders and microbiota of the oral cavity of capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella) under human care

Pires,

Silva,

Portilho

et al. 2024

J of Medical Primatology

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BackgroundAlthough critical to the overall condition of animals under human care, there is still limited information about oral health in neotropical primates.MethodsWe analyzed the main oral conditions and microbiota using mass spectrometry from 13 capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella) under human care. The findings were registered on odontograms following the Triadan system.ResultsThe most prevalent conditions were dental fractures (n = 9), mainly enamel fractures, and periodontal disease (n = 8), mainly grade 1 calculi. When exanimating teeth, alterations were identified in 90 out of the 416 evaluated pieces, being periodontal disease the most common (n = 60), followed by enamel fracture (n = 15) and missing teeth (n = 10). In the oral microbiota analyses, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species were the most prevalent, although no obvious association was observed between isolated organisms and oral conditions.ConclusionsThese findings hold the potential to prevent oral disorders, including fractures and periodontal diseases, contribute to molecular identification of oral microbiota, and to improve the well‐being of primates under human care.

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Evolutionary Changes in the Midface and Mandible: Establishing the Primate Form

Abstract: Figure 15.2 Lateral view of chimpanzee skull showing prominent supraorbital ridge.

Cited by 4 publications

References 82 publications

Scaling of the first ethmoturbinal in nocturnal strepsirrhines: Olfactory and respiratory surfaces

Scaling of the first ethmoturbinal in nocturnal strepsirrhines: Olfactory and respiratory surfaces

Heritability of human cranial dimensions: comparing the evolvability of different cranial regions

Evaluation of the main disorders and microbiota of the oral cavity of capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella) under human care

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