Evolutionary Biology of the Foxtail (Setaria) Secies-Group

Dekker, Jack

doi:10.1007/978-94-017-0552-3_4

Cited by 27 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 146 publications

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“…This clade includes a grain crop, Setaria italica (foxtail millet); a promising biofuel feedstock, Panicum virgatum (switchgrass); and a major agricultural weed, Urochloa maxima (guinea grass), each representing a different subtype of C 4 . S. viridis (green millet) is closely related to pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and foxtail millet (Setaria italica) and is likely the weedy relative of the domesticated foxtail millet (Dekker, 2003). As recently discussed, the crop S. italica offers a number of advantages as a model for bioenergy grasses (Doust et al, 2009), but as a model for forward and reverse genetics, S. viridis has some distinct advantages.…”

Section: Setaria Viridis: Redefining the Model Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Setaria viridis: A Model for C4 Photosynthesis

et al. 2010

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C 4 photosynthesis drives productivity in several major food crops and bioenergy grasses, including maize (Zea mays), sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), Miscanthus x giganteus, and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum). Gains in productivity associated with C 4 photosynthesis include improved water and nitrogen use efficiencies. Thus, engineering C 4 traits into C 3 crops is an attractive target for crop improvement. However, the lack of a small, rapid cycling genetic model system to study C 4 photosynthesis has limited progress in dissecting the regulatory networks underlying the C 4 syndrome. Setaria viridis is a member of the Panicoideae clade and is a close relative of several major feed, fuel, and bioenergy grasses. It is a true diploid with a relatively small genome of ;510 Mb. Its short stature, simple growth requirements, and rapid life cycle will greatly facilitate genetic studies of the C 4 grasses. Importantly, S. viridis uses an NADP-malic enzyme subtype C 4 photosynthetic system to fix carbon and therefore is a potentially powerful model system for dissecting C 4 photosynthesis. Here, we summarize some of the recent advances that promise greatly to accelerate the use of S. viridis as a genetic system. These include our recent successful efforts at regenerating plants from seed callus, establishing a transient transformation system, and developing stable transformation. Why Study C 4 ?C 4 photosynthesis is the primary mode of carbon capture for some of the world's most important food, feed, and fuel crops, including maize (Zea mays), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), millets (e.g. Panicum miliaceum, Pennisetum glaucum, and Setaria italica), Miscanthus x giganteus, and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum). In contrast with C 3 plants, C 4 plants first fix CO 2 into a C 4 acid before delivering the CO 2 to the Calvin cycle (Hatch and Slack, 1966;Hatch, 1971). For example, in maize and sorghum leaves, CO 2 entering mesophyll (M) cells is first fixed into oxaloacetate, which is then reduced to malate in the M chloroplasts. The malate then diffuses into the inner bundle sheath (BS) cells and is transported into the BS chloroplast. There, malate is decarboxylated by NADP-malic enzyme, releasing CO 2 close to ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco). This carbon shuttle greatly lowers rates of photorespiration as Rubisco is both isolated from the site of O 2 evolution (oxygen evolving complex of photosystem II) and also maintained in a CO 2 -rich environment. Indeed, in mature maize or sorghum leaves, rates of photorespiration are at the limits of detection under conditions where C 3 plants lose up to 30% of their photosynthetic capacity due to photorespiration (Zhu et al., 2008).

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Section: Setaria Viridis: Redefining the Model Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Setaria viridis: A Model for C4 Photosynthesis

et al. 2010

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“…Similarly, under warmer conditions, Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv. Germinated later in the (August) season (Dekker, 2003). This was a beneficial temporal non-synchrony with emergence of a maize crop, avoiding crop-weed competition.…”

Section: Effect Of Temperaturementioning

confidence: 98%

Climate Change’s Impacts on Weeds and Herbicide Efficacy: A Review

Kumar¹,

Kumar²

2017

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci

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Climate change is a natural and continuous process. But recent relatively rapid change in climate occurs due to anthropogenic activities which makes alarming attention because it contributes largely to global warming by affecting the greenhouse gases (GHGs) and aerosols. GHGs mainly CO 2 , methane, nitrous oxide CFC11, CFC12, HCFC22and HFC23 with different global warming potential accumulate in atmosphere and increase in concentration over time creating the so called "greenhouse effect". This effect can alters balance by transmitting incoming solar radiation but absorbing outgoing thermal radiation from surface. Atmospheric CO 2 rose from 280 to 387 μmolmol -1 from 1750 to 2007 and expected to reach 600 μmolmol -1 by 2050 and global earth surface temperature is likely to rise in a range of 1.1 to 6.4°C during the 21st century due to the rising CO 2 concentration. Weeds are complex in nature and have significant negative effect on agriculture. Chemical weed control becomes major choice/tool because of its economic, easy to use, greater efficacy, due to scarcity of labour and time saving. Climate component viz., light, CO 2 , temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind, environmental stress etc. affect crop-weed competition and efficacy of applied herbicides. Light stimulates weed seed development and leaf shape. Light is the source of energy for photosynthesis and the rate of photosynthesis determines the rate of phloem translocation of assimilates and subsequent phloem translocation will increase the movement of foliar-applied systemic herbicides. Most crops are C 3 and most weeds are C 4 , and hence weed competition will consequently decrease as CO 2 increases, should not be viewed as universal axiom as there are four major C 4 crops of economic importance (corn, pearlmillet, sorghum, and sugarcane), and their many important C 3 weeds. Increasing CO 2 concentration increases the starch concentration in tissue and reduces the protein content leads to less demand of amino acids synthesis which alters the efficacy of ALS inhibitors herbicides. High temperature shortens the growth phases, stimulate stomata conductance and lowers the viscosity of cuticular lipids leads to increase permeability and diffusion of herbicides through the cuticle. Warmer temperature also reduce uptake of herbicides due to rapid drying of droplets. Increasing temperatures may mean an expansion of weeds into higher latitudes or higher altitudes.. Increased cuticle thickness and leaf pubescence in response to drought, will also reduce herbicide entry into leaves. At higher humidity leaf retention time of herbicides mainly hydrophilic increases. Blowing wind may cause spray drift or dry up the spray droplet. So there is need to pay special attention and to study the impact of climate factors on weed life, crop-weed competition and herbicide efficacy so that adaptation and mitigation strategies can be developed for changing climate. K e y w o r d sClimate changes, Natural process, Greenhouse effect, Environment.

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“…(b) Seed Production and Dispersal * Seed production in S. faberi has been estimated to range from 165 to 2127 seeds per panicle (Dekker 2003b). Variability in seed production is directly related to the number of fertile spikelets per panicle and this characteristic is plastic (Dekker 2003b).…”

Section: Growth and Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Variability in seed production is directly related to the number of fertile spikelets per panicle and this characteristic is plastic (Dekker 2003b). Seed numbers were generally greater for S. faberi plants that emerge early in the season (Schreiber 1965).…”

Section: Growth and Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 141. Setaria faberi Herrm.

Nurse¹,

Darbyshire²,

Bertin³

et al. 2009

Can. J. Plant Sci.

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known as giant foxtail, is an annual graminaceous weed that is native to eastern China, has colonized eastern North America and is expanding its range westward. This species is primarily self-pollinated and the only mechanism of reproduction is by seed. Adult plants may reach 2 m in height and produce over 2000 seeds per panicle. Seeds may possess non-deep physiological dormancy when freshly produced, and can form small persistent seed banks. If not controlled, S. faberi populations can cause severe yield reductions in corn and soybean crops. Several herbicides are available to provide chemical control; however, resistance to some modes of action, (ALS, ACCase, and Photosystem II) have been identified in Canada and the United States. Leaves and seeds of this species provide a food source to several species of mammals, birds, and insects.

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Evolutionary Biology of the Foxtail (Setaria) Secies-Group

Cited by 27 publications

References 146 publications

Setaria viridis: A Model for C4 Photosynthesis

Setaria viridis: A Model for C4 Photosynthesis

Climate Change’s Impacts on Weeds and Herbicide Efficacy: A Review

The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 141. Setaria faberi Herrm.

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