Evolutionary aspects of Parvovirus B-19V associated diseases and their pathogenesis patterns with an emphasis on vaccine development

Abstract

Parvovirus B-19, a single human pathogenic member of the Parvoviridae family with it's small ssDNA and non-enveloped structure, is known to cause diseases in erythroid progenitor cells. But a wide range of clinical association of this virus with cells of non-erythroid origins has recently been discovered and many of those are being investigated for such association. Higher substitution rates in due course of evolution has been suggested for this cellular tropism and persistence. In this report, we have summarized the different disease manifestations of B-19 virus and have tried to find out a pattern of pathogenesis. Finally, we have focused on the vaccination strategies available against B-19 virus to correlate these with the mechanisms involved in various diseases caused by this virus.

Porcine Parvovirus 7: Evolutionary Dynamics and Identification of Epitopes toward Vaccine Design

“…Currently, there are two generations of B19V based virus like particles (VLPs) vaccines. The first generation of B19 VLPs consists of two viral structural proteins (VP1 and VP2) produced in the baculovirus expression system, and this induces neutralizing antibodies [ 44 ]. These vaccines, produced in insect cells, induced side effects, e.g., reactive symptoms in the host; therefore, baculovirus-based vaccines were abandoned during clinical trials.…”

“…These vaccines, produced in insect cells, induced side effects, e.g., reactive symptoms in the host; therefore, baculovirus-based vaccines were abandoned during clinical trials. The second generation of B19 VLPs vaccines, composed of only VP2 protein, are expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae [ 44 ]. Until now, research for vaccines against B19V has been a huge challenge, due to the unavailability of viral antigens, a good cell line model and a virus-infected animal model.…”

Is the ZIKV Congenital Syndrome and Microcephaly Due to Syndemism with Latent Virus Coinfection?

“…B19 is the only member of the genus Erythroparvovirus , which reflects its restricted replication to erythrocyte precursors (e.g., bone marrow and fetal liver) ( Table 1 ) [ 218 , 219 ]. B19 virus is generally contracted in early childhood and is responsible for the most common rashes in school-aged children, such as slapped cheek syndrome or fifth disease (behind measles, scarlet fever, rubella, and Duke’s disease) [ 220 , 221 ]. Once the acute phase is over, B19V may persist in various human sites, such as the bone marrow, synovium, liver, spleen, and testes [ 218 ], mirroring lifelong viral niches as well as further emerging patterns of human pathogenesis [ 220 ].…”

“…B19 virus is generally contracted in early childhood and is responsible for the most common rashes in school-aged children, such as slapped cheek syndrome or fifth disease (behind measles, scarlet fever, rubella, and Duke’s disease) [ 220 , 221 ]. Once the acute phase is over, B19V may persist in various human sites, such as the bone marrow, synovium, liver, spleen, and testes [ 218 ], mirroring lifelong viral niches as well as further emerging patterns of human pathogenesis [ 220 ]. Although the diseases are mostly autoresolved, B19 virus infection is also linked to hepatitis, cardiomyopathies, respiratory illness, autoimmune diseases, and neurological disorders (e.g., encephalitis, encephalopathy, and meningoencephalitis), and is often associated with the host hematological and/or immunological state [ 220 , 222 ].…”

“…To date, evidence of B19V infection as the direct cause of congenital disorders is still lacking [ 239 ]. The pattern of B19V infection in pregnancy may be rather associated to a boost in the pathogenicity of other coexposed pathogens, causing severe clinical complications [ 220 , 223 ]. For example, interaction of the HIV gp120 protein with the globoside receptor is a feature shared by B19V, supporting the B19V/HIV cooperative concept and also possible HIV-induced B19V reactivation [ 240 , 241 , 242 ].…”