Evolutionary and Historical Aspects of the Burden of Malaria

Carter, Richard; Mendis, Kamini

doi:10.1128/cmr.15.4.564-594.2002

Cited by 522 publications

(295 citation statements)

References 105 publications

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“…One of the earliest hypotheses placed the origin of P. vivax in Southeast Asia, together with other Plasmodium species parasitic in nonhuman primates (15). The argument was supported by the abundance of simian malaria parasite species in this region and the observation that several of the macaque parasites shared morphological and biological characteristics with P. vivax (15)(16)(17). However, this ''out of Asia'' hypothesis has not been generally accepted in recent years.…”

mentioning

confidence: 81%

“…It is worth noting that our proposal of a macaque origin for P. vivax is not based on the number of Plasmodium species parasitic to primates in Southeast Asia (16,17) but on the fact that Plasmodium sp. parasitic to macaques are basal in the phylogeny that includes P. vivax.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contraposition, the high prevalence of Duffy negativity (lack of the Duffy blood group antigen or FY*O) among human populations in sub-Saharan Africa has been used to support an African origin for P. vivax (16)(17)(18).…”

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confidence: 99%

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A monkey's tale: The origin of Plasmodium vivax as a human malaria parasite

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Cornejo

Freeland

et al. 2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The high prevalence of Duffy negativity (lack of the Duffy blood group antigen) among human populations in sub-Saharan Africa has been used to argue that Plasmodium vivax originated on that continent. Here, we investigate the phylogenetic relationships among 10 species of Plasmodium that infect primates by using three genes, two nuclear (␤-tubulin and cell division cycle 2) and a gene from the plastid genome (the elongation factor Tu). We find compelling evidence that P. vivax is derived from a species that inhabited macaques in Southeast Asia. Specifically, those phylogenies that include P. vivax as an ancient lineage from which all of the macaque parasites could originate are significantly less likely to explain the data. We estimate the time to the most recent common ancestor at four neutral gene loci from Asian and South American isolates (a minimum sample of seven isolates per locus). Our analysis estimates that the extant populations of P. vivax originated between 45,680 and 81,607 years ago. The phylogeny and the estimated time frame for the origination of current P. vivax populations are consistent with an ''out of Asia'' origin for P. vivax as hominoid parasite. The current debate regarding how the Duffy negative trait became fixed in Africa needs to be revisited, taking into account not only human genetic data but also the genetic diversity observed in the extant P. vivax populations and the phylogeny of the genus Plasmodium.Duffy ͉ genetic diversity ͉ host-switch

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confidence: 81%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A monkey's tale: The origin of Plasmodium vivax as a human malaria parasite

Escalante

Cornejo

Freeland

et al. 2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

196

210

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“…However, the high prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa of Duffy negativity (absence of the Duffy blood group antigen) that protects against P. vivax infection has been interpreted as evidence of the African origin of P. vivax (4)(5)(6). Most recently, phylogenetic and biogeographical evidence has been advanced supporting a Southeast Asia origin (7)(8)(9).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasmodium vivax : Recent world expansion and genetic identity to Plasmodium simium

Lim

Tazi

Ayala

2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Plasmodium vivax causes the most geographically widespread human malaria, accounting annually for 70 -80 million clinical cases throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the world's continents. We have analyzed the DNA sequences of the Csp (circumsporozoite protein) gene in 24 geographically representative strains of P. vivax and 2 of P. simium, which parasitizes several species of New World monkeys. The Csp sequences are of two types, VK210 and VK247, which differ by three diagnostic amino acid replacements, one in each of the 5 and 3 terminal regions [5 nonrepeat (NR) and 3 NR] of the gene and in an insertion sequence that precedes the 3 NR region. The central region of the gene consists of Ϸ38 repetitive ''motifs,'' which are alternatively four and five amino acids long, which also are diagnostically different between the VK210 and VK247 types. There are very few synonymous substitutions within and between the two types of strains, which we hypothesize reflects that the worldwide spread of P. vivax is very recent. The two P. simium Csp sequences belong one to each of the two VK types and are genetically indistinguishable from the corresponding P. vivax strains, suggesting that at least two host transfers have occurred between humans and New World monkeys. We exclude as unlikely the possibility that the two types of sequences could have independently arisen in humans and platyrrhines by natural selection. There are reasons favoring each of the two possible directions of host transfer between humans and monkeys.circumsporozoite protein ͉ clonal theory ͉ Plasmodium population structure ͉ host-parasite interactions ͉ malaria M alaria's human toll is appalling: 300-500 million clinical cases and 1-3 million deaths per year. Plasmodium falciparum accounts for 80% of human malaria's morbidity and mortality, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. Most geographically widespread and prevalent in some regions is Plasmodium vivax, which accounts annually for 70-80 million clinical cases across much of the tropics and subtropics of the world.The evolutionary origin of P. vivax has been placed by some authors in Southeast Asia (1-3). However, the high prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa of Duffy negativity (absence of the Duffy blood group antigen) that protects against P. vivax infection has been interpreted as evidence of the African origin of P. vivax (4-6). Most recently, phylogenetic and biogeographical evidence has been advanced supporting a Southeast Asia origin (7-9).Recent investigations have shown a scarcity of selectively neutral genetic polymorphisms in P. vivax (8,10,11), which is consistent with a recent world expansion of P. vivax as a human parasite. The discovery that the platyrrhine parasite P. simium is genetically indistinguishable from P. vivax (2,7,8) manifests that a host transfer between humans and New World monkeys has happened in very recent evolutionary times.The circumsporozoite protein (CSP) has been extensively studied in P. falciparum and other Plasmodium species because of its immune significan...

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“…The "burden" of malaria, as described in Richard Carter and Kamini Mendis' survey of the mosquito-borne infectious disease, has been felt by invertebrates, vertebrates, mammals, and primates throughout evolutionary history. Plasmodium falciparum, the most virulent human malaria agent, may have diverged from Plasmodium reichenowi in concert with the split between the precursors of humans and chimpanzees around 4 to 10 million years ago (Carter & Mendis, 2002). P. falciparum and other extant Plasmodium agents of human malaria-P. malariae, P. ovale, and P. vivax-are also equally tied to the evolution of their vector, the female Anopheles mosquito.…”

Section: An Analogymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Case Study and Meta-Analysis of Type 2 Diabetes Research

Gracia¹

2013

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In the last decade, a new wave of inspired research surrounding a transcription factor's role in blood-sugar homeostasis has emerged. Transcription Factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2 or TCF4), a member of the Wnt signaling pathway, is intimately involved in suppressing glucagon synthesis. It also may affect β-cell function. Regiospecific trends concerning the selection of its molecular variants, their dependency on environmental and behavioral changes, and their relative associations with type 2 diabetes (T2D) have become well documented. This dynamic and nuanced understanding of one T2D risk factor should be desired in all other phases of study. An open and incorporative mindset such as this can revitalize the research field.

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Evolutionary and Historical Aspects of the Burden of Malaria

Cited by 522 publications

References 105 publications

A monkey's tale: The origin of Plasmodium vivax as a human malaria parasite

A monkey's tale: The origin of Plasmodium vivax as a human malaria parasite

Plasmodium vivax : Recent world expansion and genetic identity to Plasmodium simium

A Case Study and Meta-Analysis of Type 2 Diabetes Research

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