2002
DOI: 10.1007/s00442-001-0836-x
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Evolutionary and ecological aspects of some Antarctic and sub-Antarctic penguin distributions

Abstract: Penguins probably originated in the core of Gondwanaland when South America, Africa, and Antarctica were just beginning to separate. As the continents drifted apart, the division filled with what became the southern ocean. One of the remaining land masses moved south and was caught at the pole by the Earth's rotation. It became incrusted with ice and is now known as East Antarctica. Linking it to South America was a series of submerged mountain ranges that formed a necklace of islands. The northern portion of … Show more

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Cited by 27 publications
(30 citation statements)
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“…Thus, a shift in feeding ecology may be an important factor in the success of Spheniscidae. Potential drivers of this shift remain untested, but two intriguing possibilities include the development of the biomass-rich ''fertile crescent'' of the Southern Ocean created by the circumpolar current in the early Neogene (Kooyman, 2002) and competition with marine mammals (Simpson, 1976;Olson, 1985;Warheit and Lindberg, 1988 (Cody Fraser, personal commun.). Older specimen numbers are listed in parentheses to aid comparisons with previous work (e.g., Marples, 1952;Simpson 1971b;Ksepka et al, 2008 AMNH 3274, 3276, 3285, 3287, 3289, 3295, 3297-3298, 3316, 3321, 3323, 3330, 3336, 3340, 3343-3344, 3349, 3352, 3355, 3358;MUSM 257, Acosta Hospitaleche et al (2008 single (0); bipartite (1).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Thus, a shift in feeding ecology may be an important factor in the success of Spheniscidae. Potential drivers of this shift remain untested, but two intriguing possibilities include the development of the biomass-rich ''fertile crescent'' of the Southern Ocean created by the circumpolar current in the early Neogene (Kooyman, 2002) and competition with marine mammals (Simpson, 1976;Olson, 1985;Warheit and Lindberg, 1988 (Cody Fraser, personal commun.). Older specimen numbers are listed in parentheses to aid comparisons with previous work (e.g., Marples, 1952;Simpson 1971b;Ksepka et al, 2008 AMNH 3274, 3276, 3285, 3287, 3289, 3295, 3297-3298, 3316, 3321, 3323, 3330, 3336, 3340, 3343-3344, 3349, 3352, 3355, 3358;MUSM 257, Acosta Hospitaleche et al (2008 single (0); bipartite (1).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Additionally, the Antarctic ice sheet had thickened during the LGM and therefore depressed the continent isostatically, so that the average water depth of the Antarctic shelf during the LGM was probably deeper than 280 m. This is confirmed by the numerous occurrences of raised beaches along the present Antarctic coast, which date back to the time of post-LGM ice retreat and have raised by isostatic uplift in response to ice sheet thinning (e.g., Conway et al 1999, Takada et al 2003, Bentley et al 2005. Consequently, penguins had to move to subantarctic regions in order to breed successfully (Ainley 2002), which should have implied competition with modern subantarctic penguin species occupying very similar ecological niches (Kooyman 2002). Due to the sea-level drop during the last glacial period, ideal alternative breeding grounds for Antarctic penguins might have been the Patagonian shelf, which unfortunately remains submerged today and is thus difficult to sample for radiocarbon dating of potential LGM penguin colonies.…”
Section: Effects On Southern Ocean Top Predatorsmentioning
confidence: 93%
“…These threats are serious, as the ice-free areas of Antarctica support a large proportion of the world's seabird species (Chown, Gaston & Williams, 1998 a ;Woehler et al, 2001 ;Kooyman, 2002), and their biotas, though species poor (Gressitt, 1970 ;Chown et al, 1998b ;Vernon, Vannier & Tréhen, 1998 ;Convey, 2001a), include a high proportion of endemic taxa (lichens -Øvstedal & Smith, 2001 ; liverworts -Bednarek-Ochyra et al, 2000 ; flowering plants - Greene & Walton, 1975 ;mites -Pugh, 1993 ;springtails -Greenslade, 1995 ;insects -Gressitt, 1970 ;Chown, 1990 ;nematodes -Andrássy, 1998). Human influence has increased rapidly.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%