“…Inspired by nature's evolution process, genetic algorithm (Goldberg, 1989) and genetic programming (Koza, 1992) have been established to model problems using bit string (genetic algorithm) or functional tree (genetic programming) genes and to solve problems by evolving the best solution(s) from a population through reproduction, mutation, recombination, natural selection, and survival of fitness. This approach has been taken to solve various engineering problems, including design optimization, configuration design, and design automation (Koza, 1992; Fogel et al, 1996; Parmee, 1997; Bentley, 1999; Koza et al, 1999; Bonnie & Malaga, 2000; Lee et al, 2001; Maher, 2001; Vajna & Clement, 2002; Fan et al, 2003). In addition to direct encoding where genotype codes map to the phenotypes directly, recently researchers have explored indirect coding method, called computational embryogeny (Kumar & Bentley, 2000), to evolve rules that build or develop corresponding phenotypes (Yogev & Antonsson, 2007).…”