Evolutionary Algorithm with Geometrical Heuristics for Solving the Close Enough Traveling Salesman Problem: Application to the Trajectory Planning of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

Abstract

Evolutionary algorithms have been widely studied in the literature to find sub-optimal solutions to complex problems as the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP). In such a problem, the target positions are usually static and punctually defined. The objective is to minimize a cost function as the minimal distance, time or energy. However, in some applications, as the one addressed in this paper—namely the data collection of buried sensor nodes by means of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle— the targets are areas with varying sizes: they are defined with respect to the radio communication range of each node, ranging from a few meters to several hundred meters according to various parameters (e.g., soil moisture, burial depth, transmit power). The Unmanned Aerial Vehicle has to enter successively in these dynamic areas to collect the data, without the need to pass at the vertical of each node. Some areas can obviously intersect. That leads to solve the Close Enough TSP. To determine a sub-optimal trajectory for the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, this paper presents an original and efficient strategy based on an evolutionary algorithm completed with geometrical heuristics. The performances of the algorithm are highlighted through scenarios with respectively 15 and 50 target locations. The results are analyzed with respect to the total route length. Finally, conclusions and future research directions are discussed.

Internet of Underground Things in Agriculture 4.0: Challenges, Applications and Perspectives

“…In comparison to ground mobile robots, UAVs have clearly the advantage to be easily and rapidly operational on site. The flight time is, however , limited, which requires to optimize as much as possible the flight trajectories [96]. The regulations governing the use of UAVs in a country have also to be considered (e.g., in France, the use of an UAV in a professional context requires to pass theoretical and practical examinations beforehand .…”

“…Several WUSNs and WSNs can also co-exist, which raises some problems of interference. The optimal trajectory planning of the mobile data collector has also to be considered (e.g., solve the Close Enough Salesman Problem (CETSP), see [96]). Finally, all the data collected would require important storage capacities and the development of efficient management tools to analyze them and take the appropriate decisions.…”