“…Since the discovery of CLV3 (Clark et al, 1995;Ito et al, 2006;Kondo et al, 2006;Ohyama et al, 2009), (putative) CLE genes have been identified in dicots, monocots, mosses, and algae (Jun et al, 2008;Oelkers et al, 2008;Miwa et al, 2009;Zhang et al, 2014;Strabala et al, 2014), and they were shown to act on diverse developmental processes, including shoot and root meristem development, nodulation, embryo and endosperm development, regulation of root architecture in response to nutrients, and vascular development (Hobe et al, 2003;Fiers et al, 2005;Hirakawa et al, 2008;Stahl et al, 2009;Jun et al, 2010;Mortier et al, 2010;Lim et al, 2011;Reid et al, 2011;Fiume and Fletcher, 2012;Okamoto et al, 2013;Araya et al, 2014;Richards et al, 2015;T.-T. Xu et al, 2015). Strikingly, plant-parasitic cyst nematodes also secrete CLE-like effector proteins that are required for successful nematode infection (Wang et al, 2010Replogle et al, 2011;Miyawaki et al, 2013). 3D structure modeling demonstrated that CLV3, CLE1, CLE2, and CLE6 shared a similar arch-shaped molecular structure with conserved residues at the C terminus and middle region, suggesting that these regions could be involved in receptor selection and binding .…”