Evolution Without Genes

Abstract

Abstract-Nowadays genes are claimed to explain almost everything that is somehow or another connected with manifestations of the biological life on the Earth, including evolution. It is now clear, however, that major incongruities exist and that there is only a weak relationship between biological complexity and the number of protein coding genes. The genome can be divided into two main sections, the coding (genes) and non coding portions. Non coding DNAs have been considered as non-functional DNA by many authors. And to determine which of them is the most important in evolution based on the input of genes and non coding DNAs into the origin of the basic forms of life and its diversity. Information about non coding DNAs as the main evolving component of the genome is presented. It is supposed that evolution has not stopped on DNA, which is transcribed into RNA which in turn is translated into proteins.

Chromosomal Q-Heterochromatin Polymorphisms in 3 Ethnic Groups (Kazakhs, Russians and Uyghurs) of Kazakhstan

“…However, the differences between them are detected when the number of Q-HRs expressed as a percentage from the number of chromosomes analyzed (176.1%, 172.5% and 218.7%) of Kazakh, Russian and Uighur people, respectively. In other words, the increase in the mean number of Q-HRs are accompanied by increases in absolute Q-HR frequencies on all the autosomes, and vice versa, that matched with all of our previous observations [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]17]. *Q-HRs frequency from the number of chromosomes analyzed; **Q-HRs frequency as percentage of the overall number of chromosomal Q-HR.…”

“…We suppose, that our new data on the populations living in southern Kazakhstan does not contradict hypothesis of a possible selective value of chromosomal Q-HRs in human adaptation to different climatic and geographical conditions of the Earth. Previously, we have repeatedly shown that the amount of Q-chromosomal HRs in the genome of human populations depends largely on the peculiarity of climatic and geographical conditions of their place of residence, and not on their racial and ethnic features [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]16]. The lack of statistically significant differences in quantitative content of chromosomal Q-HRs between the two Kazakh samples from the southern Kazakhstan should not be surprising.…”

“…The existence of variability in the number, frequency, size, and intensity of fluorescence of chromosomal Q-heterochromatin regions (Q-HRs) in twelve polymorphic loci of seven autosomes and on the distal portion of the long arm of chromosome Y is a wellestablished fact. The existence of considerable interpopulation differences in certain quantitative characteristics of this variability is supported by reliable data [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. However, there is no agreement as to the nature of broad quantitative variability of chromosomal Q-HRs, although arguments are based on the 'selectionist' hypothesis.…”