Evolution, Traits, and the Stages of Human Courtship: Qualifying the Parental Investment Model

Kenrick, Douglas T.; Sadalla, Edward K.; Groth, Gary E.; Trost, Melanie R.

doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1990.tb00909.x

Cited by 619 publications

(456 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…r Alternatively, the one-sided gender bias hypothesis states that men, more than women, selectively attend to attractive members of the other sex. This hypothesis is consistent with research suggesting that men value physical attractiveness in potential mates relatively more than females do (Buss, 1989;Feingold, 1990Feingold, , 1992Kenrick et al, 1990). For example, women shown photos of physically attractive men did not alter their commitment to their partners, as men did when exposed to physically attractive women .…”

Section: Physical Attractiveness and The Eye Of The Beholdersupporting

confidence: 81%

“…This hypothesis is consistent with theory and evidence that men tend to value highly the physical attractiveness of potential romantic partners (e.g., Buss & Schmitt, 1993;Kenrick, Sadalla, Groth, & Trost, 1990) and that women value the physical attractiveness of shortterm (Buss & Schmitt, 1993;Gangestad & Simpson, 2000) and extra-pair partners (Scheib, 2001). r Alternatively, the one-sided gender bias hypothesis states that men, more than women, selectively attend to attractive members of the other sex.…”

Section: Physical Attractiveness and The Eye Of The Beholdersupporting

confidence: 76%

“…Data from a fifth experiment suggests that women's memory for attractive men is relatively poor. One plausible explanation for the lack of frequency estimation bias, then, is that even though women's attention is initially drawn to attractive men, their cognitive processing of those attractive men subsequently begins to diminish: Because women are not as interested in male strangers as potential mates, and because physical attractiveness is not as important a determinant of female mating choices (Buss, 1989;Feingold, 1990Feingold, , 1992Kenrick et al, 1990), attractive men may not be cognitively benefited by their attractiveness (i.e., may not be increasingly likely to be encoded and remembered), and thus may not be especially likely to come to mind when one attempts to estimate their frequency in the social environment.…”

Section: Physical Attractiveness and The Eye Of The Beholdermentioning

confidence: 99%

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From Evolved Motives to Everyday Mentation: Evolution, Goals, and Cognition

et al. 2004

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introductionWalking across a crowding shopping mall, you may see a group of people who vary in their race, gender, attractiveness, clothing style, and demeanor. A similarly complex array of social stimuli confronts us at conferences, airports, farmer's markets, and college campuses. Rarely do we attend equally to all individuals in such complex social environments or to all characteristics of any given individual. Rather, we selectively direct our attention toward a smaller subset of individuals and characteristics. This selective direction of attention often occurs automatically, without conscious intent, and can have important consequences for subsequent thoughts and actions.Who do we attend to, think about, and later remember? And how are the answers to this question linked to our goals at the moment? We recently embarked on a program of research to explore the processes that influence the selective and automatic direction of perceptual and cognitive resources. In this chapter, we present a conceptual framework that begins to articulate the role that fundamental social goals play in governing these processes. We focus, in particular, on the ways in which self-protection and mating goals selectively facilitate attention toward people who have characteristics relevant to those goals. Integrating theory and research on selective attention processes, the influence of goals on social cognition and behavior, and ecological theories of motivation and social cognition, our

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Section: Physical Attractiveness and The Eye Of The Beholdersupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Physical Attractiveness and The Eye Of The Beholdersupporting

confidence: 76%

Section: Physical Attractiveness and The Eye Of The Beholdermentioning

confidence: 99%

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From Evolved Motives to Everyday Mentation: Evolution, Goals, and Cognition

et al. 2004

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“…Consistent with this view, both men and women are better at assessing strength in men than in women (17). In contrast, in mammals such as humans, access to female sexuality was a far greater limiting factor for male fitness than access to male sexuality was for females (29)(30)(31). Insofar as attractiveness reflects fertility and offspring fitness, even small changes in the probability of a woman's granting sexual access constitute a powerful benefit.…”

Section: Engineering Analysismentioning

confidence: 60%

Formidability and the logic of human anger

Sell

Tooby

Cosmides

2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

684

677

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Eleven predictions derived from the recalibrational theory of anger were tested. This theory proposes that anger is produced by a neurocognitive program engineered by natural selection to use bargaining tactics to resolve conflicts of interest in favor of the angry individual. The program is designed to orchestrate two interpersonal negotiating tactics (conditionally inflicting costs or conditionally withholding benefits) to incentivize the target of the anger to place greater weight on the welfare of the angry individual. Individuals with enhanced abilities to inflict costs (e.g., stronger individuals) or to confer benefits (e.g., attractive individuals) have a better bargaining position in conflicts; hence, it was predicted that such individuals will be more prone to anger, prevail more in conflicts of interest, and consider themselves entitled to better treatment. These predictions were confirmed. Consistent with an evolutionary analysis, the effect of strength on anger was greater for men and the effect of attractiveness on anger was greater for women. Also as predicted, stronger men had a greater history of fighting than weaker men, and more strongly endorsed the efficacy of force to resolve conflicts-both in interpersonal and international conflicts. The fact that stronger men favored greater use of military force in international conflicts provides evidence that the internal logic of the anger program reflects the ancestral payoffs characteristic of a small-scale social world rather than rational assessments of modern payoffs in large populations.aggression ͉ evolutionary psychology ͉ recalibrational theory ͉ welfare tradeoff ratio A nger is part of the basic biology of the human species. It spontaneously appears in infancy (1, 2), is effectively universal in its distribution across cultures and individuals (3, 4), and has a species-typical neural basis (5). To understand the evolutionary biology of anger, however, it is also important to characterize its evolved function-that is, what (if anything) was anger engineered by natural selection to accomplish? A recent model-the recalibrational theory of anger-hypothesizes that the regulatory program governing anger evolved in the service of bargaining, to resolve conflicts of interest in favor of the angry individual (6, 7). More precisely, the function of anger is to orchestrate behavior in the angry individual that creates incentives in the target of the anger to recalibrate upwards the weight he or she puts on the welfare of the angry individual. Here, we report empirical tests of 11 predictions derived from this model. Engineering AnalysisAnger, Welfare Tradeoff Ratios (WTRs), and Bargaining. In social species, actions undertaken by one individual commonly have impacts on the welfare of others (measured in fitness, or in other currencies). Consequently, neurocognitive programs in social species should have been designed by selection to solve the following computational adaptive problem: For a given choice set involving self and other, how much weight shou...

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“…Researchers have found that heterosexual women look for a partner with high socio-economic status and heterosexual men look for a partner who is physically attractive (Buss & Barnes, 1986;Kenrick, Sadalla, Groth & Trost, 1990;Ellis & Symons, 1990;Townsend, 1993). The fake female profiles typically contained physically attractive women and women in need of support.…”

Section: Theoretical Explanationmentioning

confidence: 99%