Evolution towards fifth generation (5G) wireless networks: Current trends and challenges in the deployment of millimetre wave, massive MIMO, and small cells

Alsharif, Mohammed H.; Nordin, Rosdiadee

doi:10.1007/s11235-016-0195-x

Cited by 196 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…This feature is crucial to reducing operational cost and providing network access in a sustainable and resource-efficient manner. High energy performance requires a fundamental change in design principles and implementation practices within the mobile telecom industry [46]. The 5G technology will be energy efficient, and power consumption by the base station will significantly decrease.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Techno-Economic Evaluation of a Stand-Alone Power System Based on Solar Power/Batteries for Global System for Mobile Communications Base Stations

Alsharif

2017

Energies

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Abstract:Energy consumption in cellular networks is receiving significant attention from academia and the industry due to its significant potential economic and ecological influence. Energy efficiency and renewable energy are the main pillars of sustainability and environmental compatibility. Technological advancements and cost reduction for photovoltaics are making cellular base stations (BSs; a key source of energy consumption in cellular networks) powered by solar energy sources a long-term promising solution for the mobile cellular network industry. This paper addresses issues of deployment and operation of two solar-powered global system for mobile communications (GSM) BSs that are being deployed at present (GSM BS 2/2/2 and GSM BS 4/4/4). The study is based on the characteristics of South Korean solar radiation exposure. The optimum criteria as well as economic and technical feasibility for various BSs are analyzed using a hybrid optimization model for electric renewables. In addition, initial capital, replacement, operations, maintenance, and total net present costs for various solar-powered BSs are discussed. Furthermore, the economic feasibility of the proposed solar system is compared with conventional energy sources in urban and remote areas.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Techno-Economic Evaluation of a Stand-Alone Power System Based on Solar Power/Batteries for Global System for Mobile Communications Base Stations

Alsharif

2017

Energies

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“…Phone System (AMPS) by Bell Labs, which was later called the first generation (1G) network, there have been three large-scale and radical updates of wireless communication networks in the past four decades, resulting in the second, third, and fourth generation (2G, 3G, and 4G) networks [1]. The fifth generation (5G) network launching is ongoing and expected to be commercialized by 2020.…”

Section: S Ince the Initial Development Of The Advanced Mobilementioning

confidence: 99%

What should 6G be?

Dang¹,

Amin²,

Shihada³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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As the standardization of fifth generation (5G) communications has been completed, and the 5G network will be commercially launched in 2020, the research visioning and planning of sixth generation (6G) communications are being initiated. 6G communications are expected to be the next focus in wireless communication and networking and aim to provide remarkable communication services to meet the future demands in the 2030s. We believe that the human-centric mobile communications will still be the most important application of 6G and 6G network should be human-centric. Following this rationale, high security, secrecy, and privacy are the all-important features of 6G, which shall be paid special attention from the wireless research community. To promote the research and the human-centric design ideology for 6G communications, we imagine in this article a comprehensive and systematic framework of 6G with five slices, key features, and enabling technologies. Furthermore, we briefly discuss the issues of 6G beyond communication technologies. Overall, the article aims to provide an envisioned picture of 6G and serve as a research guideline in the post-5G era.To promote this research and design ideology for 6G communications, we imagine a comprehensive and systematic framework of 6G in this article. Specifically, we first anticipate the potential application scenarios of 6G and propose five supporting slices in 6G. Following that, we summarize the key features of 6G with enabling communication technologies. Furthermore, we also briefly discuss issues beyond the communication technologies that might significantly affect the research and deployment of 6G in the 2030s. Overall, we aim to write this article to provide an envisioned picture of 6G and introduce it as a research guideline in the post-5G era. I. BACKGROUNDBefore detailing our own thoughts, we first present the background to justify our motives, which covers the retrospect of the network evolution from 1G to 4G, the 5G status quo, and the current research progress towards 6G. A. Brief Retrospect of the Network Evolution from 1G to 4GWireless communication stems from Marconi's pioneering demonstration of wireless telegraphy in the nineteenth century and was theoretically constructed based on information theory formed by Shannon in 1948. In the 1980s, the 1G analogue wireless cellular network was in use to allow mobile communications of voice, which was then replaced by the 2G digital cellular network in the early 1990s. Because of digitalization, 2G was capable of providing encrypted services and data services in addition to the traditional voice services, e.g., short messaging service (SMS). Walking into the twenty-first century, 3G, represented by wideband CDMA (WCDMA), CDMA2000, time-division synchronous CDMA (TD-SCDMA), and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), enabled various data services, including Internet access, video calls, and mobile television [8]. In 4G/Long-Term Evolution (LTE) networks initialized in 2009, multiple-input and multip...

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“…Several cellular communication systems have been adopted to date, including the global system for mobile communication (GSM) or "second generation (2G)", the universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) or "third generation (3G)", and the long-term evolution (LTE) or "fourth generation (4G)" [28]. Table 1 summarizes the power consumption of common cellular BSs for the different cellular [23,24].…”

Section: Modelling the Power Consumption Of Cellular Bssmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, 2/2/2 means that a BS comprises three sectors with each sector having two antennas. The fifth generation (5G) technology is rapidly coming into the limelight, and commercial 5G mobile wireless networks are expected to be deployed by 2020 [28]. Energy efficiency presents a key issue in the next generation of cellular networks, and 5G is expected to be more energy efficient than the previous generations [32].…”

Section: Improving the Energy Efficiency Of The Hardware Components Omentioning

confidence: 99%

Green and Sustainable Cellular Base Stations: An Overview and Future Research Directions

Alsharif

Kim

2017

Energies

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Energy efficiency and renewable energy are the main pillars of sustainability and environmental compatibility. This study presents an overview of sustainable and green cellular base stations (BSs), which account for most of the energy consumed in cellular networks. We review the architecture of the BS and the power consumption model, and then summarize the trends in green cellular network research over the past decade. As its major contribution, this study highlights the uses of renewable energy in cellular communication by: (i) investigating the system model and the potential of renewable energy solutions for cellular BSs; (ii) identifying the potential geographical locations for renewable-energy-powered BSs; (iii) performing case studies on renewable-energy-powered cellular BSs and suggesting future research directions based on our findings; (iv) examining the present deployment of sustainable and green BSs; and (v) studying the barriers that prevent the widespread use of renewable-energy-powered BSs and providing recommendations for future work.

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Evolution towards fifth generation (5G) wireless networks: Current trends and challenges in the deployment of millimetre wave, massive MIMO, and small cells

Cited by 196 publications

References 77 publications

Techno-Economic Evaluation of a Stand-Alone Power System Based on Solar Power/Batteries for Global System for Mobile Communications Base Stations

Techno-Economic Evaluation of a Stand-Alone Power System Based on Solar Power/Batteries for Global System for Mobile Communications Base Stations

What should 6G be?

Green and Sustainable Cellular Base Stations: An Overview and Future Research Directions

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