Evolution retrospective for alternative fuels: First to fourth generation

Development of nickel based catalysts for the transformation of natural triglycerides and related compounds into green diesel: a critical review

“…Triglycerides-based biomass such as plant oils (e.g. soybean, palm, sunflower, safflower, cottonseed, rapeseed, peanut, coconut, corn, camelina and Jatropha oils) and animal fats can be used for the production of biodiesel and green diesel [10][11][12][13][14][15]. The competition between foods and biofuels sources and the world food crisis have raised interest in developing alternative low-cost feedstocks (waste cooking and micro-algal oils) [9,[35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46].…”

Molecular genetic improvements of cyanobacteria to enhance the industrial potential of the microbe: A review

“…While algal oil can potentially be used directly as a fuel, in most cases the oil was processed through traditional oil refinery or biodiesel technologies into biofuels . Therefore, many researchers now suggest that the definition of third generation biofuels be altered to “photoautotrophic conversion of CO 2 into oil or algal biomass, which is subsequently converted into biofuels …”

“…[36][37][38] Therefore, many researchers now suggest that the definition of third generation biofuels be altered to "photoautotrophic conversion of CO 2 into oil or algal biomass, which is subsequently converted into biofuels. 39 " The ability to convert algal oil into fungible fuels in a costeffective manner is a potential target for further research in this arena. The term fourth generation biofuels is now reserved for situations where genetically modified photosynthetic organisms directly convert CO 2 into specific biofuel chemicals.…”

Nowe materiały i procesy w konwersji oraz przechowywaniu energii – wybrane zagadnienia

“…W projektowaniu bardzo pomocne są metody numeryczne, które mogą zredukować liczbę koniecznych doświadczeń w celu konstrukcji prototypu. Ostatnio ukazała się praca przeglądowa na temat ewolucji biopaliw ciekłych i gazowych do silników Diesla [12]. Biopaliwa czwartej generacji, wykorzystujące analizę i wcześniejsze osiągnięcia technologiczne, pozwolą obniżyć koszt jednostkowy paliwa (głównie podyktowany wysokimi kosztami inwestycyjnymi) oraz umożliwią większą wydajność przekształcania surowców odnawialnych w biopaliwo.…”