Evolution of vertical faults at an extensional plate boundary, southwest Iceland

Grant, James V; Kattenhorn, S. A.

doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2003.07.003

Cited by 113 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…It is argued these faults are surface nucleated and propagate down, based on field observations and Mohr-Coulomb calculations. On the other hand, field observations in south-western Iceland and numerical modelling support the opposite model of depth nucleated, upward propagating fractures [27]. Our models show both types of faults (Fig 4) Faults A and B are mostly surface nucleated, while fault C propagates up.…”

Section: Fracture Propagationsupporting

confidence: 52%

The formation of open fractures in cohesive materials, results of scaled analogue and numerical modelling on fault zone porosity development

Gent

Abe

Urai

et al. 2010

EPJ Web of Conferences

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Abstract. We compare analogue and numerical models of dilatational fractures at low confining stress. These structures form an effective conduit for fluid flow in the field, but are difficult to model since they form in cohesive materials at low stresses. We use a truly cohesive powder for the analogue models and a Discrete Element Model (DEM) with brittle-elastic bonds for the numerical modelling. We show that despite variations in the model type, small differences in the location of initial fractures and the way these structures link-up to control the evolution of the model, the observed structures are robust. Three structural zones develop where different fault types dominate. In 3D numerical models we show an increase of the porosity on the fault zone with increasing deformation. The progradation direction is shown to be controlled by the position of the fracture. The combination of analogue models with cohesive powder and DEMs with internal cohesion is an excellent tool to study the evolution of open fractures.

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Section: Fracture Propagationsupporting

confidence: 52%

The formation of open fractures in cohesive materials, results of scaled analogue and numerical modelling on fault zone porosity development

Gent

Abe

Urai

et al. 2010

EPJ Web of Conferences

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…15c). The geometry and kinematic history of the Fjerritslev North Fault during the Early Cretaceous, in particular the development of enechelon segmentation and formation a pull-apart basin in the more optimally oriented eastern fault segment, also broadly resemble faults formed within pull-apart basins during dextral transtension (Naylor et al, 1986;Richard, 1991;Richard and Krantz, 1991;Richard et al, 1995;Grant and Kattenhorn, 2004). More regionally,…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Grant and Kattenhorn (2004) show that oblique slip along a buried normal fault initially leads to the formation of a fault-parallel monoclinal fold at the surface. Further slip leads to fold breaching and preservation of a hanging wall monocline, with fault propagation associated with upward bifurcation of a single slip plane to form a series of en-echelon segments…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…12), may form through the reactivation of a fault under a stress regime oblique to its orientation (Naylor et al, 1986;Richard, 1991;Grant and Kattenhorn, 2004;Swanson, 2006;Giba et al, 2012;Withjack et al, 2017) or pure dip-slip activity within mechanically anisotropic sequences (Schöpfer et al, 2007;Jackson and Rotevatn, 2013).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…12), may form due to the oblique reactivation of a pre-existing fault (Grant and Kattenhorn, 2004;Giba et 515 al., 2012;Lăpădat et al, 2016;Withjack et al, 2017 the pre-existing strike-slip fault (Fig. 10c, 15).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Oblique reactivation of lithosphere-scale lineaments controls rift physiography – The upper crustal expression of the Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone, offshore southern Norway

Phillips¹,

Jackson²,

Bell³

et al. 2017

Preprint

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Abstract. Pre-existing structures within sub-crustal lithosphere may localise stresses during subsequent tectonic events, resulting in complex fault systems at upper crustal levels. As these sub-crustal structures are difficult to resolve at great depths, the evolution of kinematically and perhaps geometrically linked upper-crustal fault populations can offer insights into their deformation history, including when and how they reactivate and accommodate stresses during later tectonic events. In this study, we use borehole-constrained 2D and 3D 15seismic reflection data to investigate the structural development of the Farsund Basin, offshore southern Norway; this E-trending basin represents the upper crustal expression of the Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone, a major lithosphere-scale lineament extending >1000 km across Central Europe. The southern margin of the Farsund Basin is characterised by N-S and E-W-striking fault populations, the latter extending down through the Moho and potentially linking with the Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone as imaged within sub-crustal lithosphere. Due to this 20 geometric linkage, we can analyse the upper crustal fault populations to infer the kinematics of the SorgenfreiTornquist Zone. We use throw-length (T-x) analysis and fault displacement backstripping techniques to determine the geometric and kinematic evolution of upper-crustal fault populations during the multiphase evolution of the Farsund Basin. We document a period of sinistral strike-slip activity along E-W-striking faults during the Early Jurassic, representing a hitherto undocumented phase of activity along the Sorgenfrei-Tornquist 25Zone. These E-W-striking upper-crustal faults are later obliquely reactivated under a dextral stress regime during the Early Cretaceous, with new faults also propagating away from pre-existing ones, representing a switch to a phase of dextral transtension along the Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone. We show that the SorgenfreiTornquist Zone represents a long-lived lithosphere-scale lineament that is periodically reactivated throughout its protracted geological history. The upper crustal component of the lineament is reactivated in a range of tectonic 30 styles, including both sinistral and dextral strike-slip motions, with the geometry and kinematics of these faults often inconsistent with what may otherwise be inferred from regional tectonics alone. Understanding these different styles of reactivation not only allows us to better understand the influence of sub-crustal lithospheric structure on rifting, but also offers insights into the prevailing stress field during regional tectonic events. 35Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi

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Experiments of dike‐induced deformation: Insights on the long‐term evolution of divergent plate boundaries

et al. 2015

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The shallow transport of magma occurs through dikes causing surface deformation. Our understanding of the effects of diking at the surface is limited, especially on the long term, for repeated intrusive episodes. We use analogue models to study the upper crustal deformation induced by dikes. We insert metal plates within cohesive sand with three setups: in setup A, the intrusion rises upward with constant thickness and in setups B and C, the intrusion thickens at a fixed depth, with final rectangular (setup B) or triangular (setup C) shape in section. Setup A creates a doming delimited by reverse faults, with secondary apical graben, without close correspondence in nature. In setups B and C, a depression flanked by two uplifted areas is bordered by inward dipping normal faults propagating downward and, for deeper intrusions in setup B, also by inner faults, reverse at the surface; this deformation is similar to what is observed in nature, suggesting a consistent physical behavior. Dikes in nature initially propagate developing a mode I fracture at the tip, subsequently thickened by magma intrusion, without any host rock translation in the propagation direction (as in setup A). The deformation pattern in setups B and C depends on the intrusion depth and thickness, consistently to what is observed along divergent plate boundaries. The early deformation in setups B and C is similar to that from a single rifting episode (i.e., Lakagigar, Iceland, and Dabbahu, Afar), whereas the late stages resemble the structure of mature rifts (i.e., Krafla, Iceland), confirming diking as a major process in shaping divergent plate boundaries.

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Evolution of vertical faults at an extensional plate boundary, southwest Iceland

Cited by 113 publications

References 48 publications

The formation of open fractures in cohesive materials, results of scaled analogue and numerical modelling on fault zone porosity development

The formation of open fractures in cohesive materials, results of scaled analogue and numerical modelling on fault zone porosity development

Oblique reactivation of lithosphere-scale lineaments controls rift physiography – The upper crustal expression of the Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone, offshore southern Norway

Experiments of dike‐induced deformation: Insights on the long‐term evolution of divergent plate boundaries

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