“…Recently, more studies have applied adaptive cycle resilience (ACR) theory to elucidate the relationship between societal systems and ecosystems [ 4 , 22 ]. Previous research has established resilience assessment models for domains such as water resources, agriculture, wetlands, cities, and islands [ 21 , [23] , [24] , [25] , [26] ]. These studies analyze changes in system elements in recent decades and their potential impact on socio-ecological system resilience in the face of future shocks [ 23 , 24 , 27 ].…”