Evolution of tourism in a flagship protected area of China

Liu, Wei; Vogt, Christine A.; Lupi, Frank; He, Guojun; Ouyang, Zhiyun; Liu, Jianguo

doi:10.1080/09669582.2015.1071380

Cited by 51 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…For example, naturebased tourism has the potential to aid in forest recovery, whereas increasing road traffic from tourism may result in the further segregation of panda populations on both sides of the road (Fig. 5;Liu et al 2012Liu et al , 2016c. The stagnancy or success of tourism industries thus entail complex ecological effects on protected areas.…”

Section: Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These tourists originated from diverse localities (sending systems) across China (over 60% of total surveyed tourists) and other parts of the world (less than 40%; Liu et al 2015a, b). The development of tourism in Wolong also attracted many investors to the reserve from the outside (Liu et al 2016c). For example, the largest hotel/ restaurant investor before the earthquake was an enterprise based in Shandong Province in eastern China (1700 km away from Wolong), which had invested US$6 million and planned to invest more (~US$48.5 million) to develop scenic spots and advertise ecotourism in Wolong (Wolong Nature Reserve 2008, He et al 2008).…”

Section: Flowsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The relevant data in this study were from long-term socioeconomic surveys conducted by the Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability at Michigan State University (An et al 2001, Hull et al 2011, Chen et al 2012. Specifically, data about labor migration, tourist visitation, and tourism income were collected from semistructured interviews and structured survey questionnaires given to local households, reserve officials, local business representatives, and tourists (see detailed interview and survey methods in Chen et al 2012, 2015a, 2016c. Annual income and related local household economic data (e.g., household average income, annual income from multiple livelihoods, and annual livestock stock and sales) were obtained from censuses conducted by the Wolong Administration Bureau (Wolong Nature Reserve 2008, Liu et al 2016b).…”

Section: Telecouplings Before and After The Earthquakementioning

confidence: 99%

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Complex effects of natural disasters on protected areas through altering telecouplings

Zhang¹,

Connor²,

Yang³

et al. 2018

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ABSTRACT. Increasingly, protected areas have been connected with the rest of the world through telecouplings (socioeconomic and environmental interactions over distances) that are essential for their structures and functions. Unfortunately, many of the Earth's protected areas are located in regions with frequent natural disasters that can profoundly affect telecouplings. Although there have been many studies evaluating socioeconomic or ecological effects of natural disasters separately, systematic evaluations of socioeconomic and ecological effects of natural disasters by altering multiple telecouplings have remained rare. With long-term data collected in China's Wolong Nature Reserve for giant pandas (Wolong), we applied the telecoupling framework to assess the effects of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake on telecouplings that link Wolong with the rest of the world, as well as their subsequent effects on coupled human and natural systems in Wolong. Our results show that the earthquake altered all major components of multiple telecouplings and generated complex socioeconomic and ecological effects in Wolong. Based on these understood effects, we provide suggestions to enhance environmental sustainability and human well-being in Wolong and beyond.

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Section: Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Flowsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Telecouplings Before and After The Earthquakementioning

confidence: 99%

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Complex effects of natural disasters on protected areas through altering telecouplings

Zhang¹,

Connor²,

Yang³

et al. 2018

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“…The number of tourists to Wolong increased dramatically, peaking in 2006 with 220,000 visitors (Liu et al 2016c), declined in 2007 because of road construction, and almost completely stopped after the devastating Wenchuan earthquake in 2008 (Viña et al 2011). Wolong is the receiving system for tourists ( Fig.…”

Section: Telecoupling Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integration across a metacoupled world

Liu¹

2017

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ABSTRACT. Human-nature interactions are complex and have important implications for achieving sustainable development goals and addressing other global challenges. Although numerous studies have explored human-nature (or human-environment) interactions and generated useful insights, they are largely disintegrated. Because conceptual frameworks are the foundation of quantitative and qualitative integration, many have been proposed but focus mainly on human-nature interactions within a specific system. To reflect human-nature interactions between distant coupled systems, the framework of telecoupling (socioeconomic and environmental interactions over distances) has been developed. However, no framework has explicitly integrated human-nature interactions between adjacent coupled systems, let alone within a coupled system as well as between adjacent and distant coupled systems simultaneously. To fill such an important gap, in this paper I present an integrated framework of metacoupling: human-nature interactions within a system (intracoupling), between distant systems (telecoupling), and between adjacent systems (pericoupling). A metacoupled system is a set of two or more coupled systems that interact internally as well as nearby and far away, facilitated by agents affected by various causes with various effects. By differentiating and integrating intracoupling, pericoupling, and telecoupling, the metacoupling framework advances a systems perspective on global sustainability and human well-being. The framework can help uncover hidden systemic connections such as spillovers and feedbacks that may not be apparent when focusing on a particular system. To demonstrate the utility of the metacoupling framework, I illustrate its application to human-nature interactions within a global flagship nature reserve as well as between the reserve and the rest of the world. The illustration suggests that the framework has the potential to help holistically understand and integrate human-nature interactions from local to global scales, over time, and among organizational levels. Finally, I offer suggestions for operationalizing the metacoupling framework and discuss the need for new policy, governance, and management for a sustainable future across the metacoupled world.

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“…Indeed, because of their abundance, diversity, and charisma, seabirds in the BC have been important to humans for millennia (Caviglia 2012), and today, they also constitute the main attraction for an expanding tourism industry for both Argentina and Chile (Raya Rey and Schiavini 2000, Schiavini and Raya Rey 2001, Reyes Arriagada et al 2015, Nahuelhual et al 2017. Nature-based tourism offers the potential to preserve biodiversity, diversify the region's economic base, and ultimately help achieve sustainable development that reconciles nature conservation and human well-being (Higham and Lück 2007, Liu et al 2015, Tin 2016. However, there is currently a lack of conservation research and policies that address the human (e.g., tourism) and natural (e.g., seabirds) components of the BC together and their relationships with other parts of the world.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%