Evolution of Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines and Microbial Populations During Flue-Curing of Tobacco Under Direct and Indirect Heating

Morin, André; Porter, Andrew C.G.; Joly, Jean‐Pierre; Ratavicius, A

doi:10.2478/cttr-2013-0770

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Berasal dari tanaman tembakau dan bersifat genetik, terutama alkaloid dan beberapa senyawa lain. Nikotin, salah satu jenis alkaloid penting yang kadarnya dipengaruhi oleh dosis pemupukan nitrogen, pangkasan pendek yang diikuti pembuangan tunas ketiak secara intensif, daerah tumbuh, dan lain-lain (Collins dan Hawks, 1993 (Maksimoviez, 2001;Rodgman, 2001;Universal, 2000;Morin et al, 2004). TSNA merupakan bahan karsinogenik, yang juga banyak terdapat pada makanan yang diolah dengan pengasapan atau pembakaran.…”

Section: Good Agricultural Practices (Gap) Dan Bahan Berbahayaunclassified

Pengolahan Daun Tembakau dan Dampaknya Terhadap Lingkungan

Tirtosastro

Murdiyati

2016

Bul. Tan. Tembakau, Serat & Minyak Industri

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Tembakau merupakan bahan baku utama industri hasil tembakau seperti rokok keretek, cerutu, tembakau iris, dan lain-lain. Sebelum digunakan, daun tembakau harus melalui proses pengolahan. Pengolahan tembakau pada dasarnya merupakan kegiatan pengeringan, dengan penerapan suhu bertahap atau disebut proses kiu-ring (curing). Dalam proses pengolahan tembakau diperlukan energi, yang selama ini berasal dari panas ma-tahari, udara panas buatan hasil pembakaran kayu, minyak tanah, batu bara, LPG (liquefied petroleum gas), atau limbah pertanian. Penggunaan bahan bakar ini menyebabkan polusi udara, sehingga mencemari ling-kungan dan meracuni pekerja. Tembakau sendiri mengandung bahan berbahaya seperti, debu tembakau, ni-kotin, residu pestisida, TSNA (tobacco spesific nitrosamine), B-a-P (benzo-a-pyrene), dan lain-lain. Petunjuk pengendalian bahan berbahaya dan dampak lingkungan tersebut, selama ini sudah tersedia secara lengkap yang ditetapkan oleh organisasi tembakau dunia Coresta dan diimplementasikan oleh perusahaan-perusaha-an mitra petani. Petani yang sistem produksinya dalam bentuk kemitraan dengan perusahaan-perusahaan tembakau, telah melakukan pengendalian dengan baik. Dampak negatif penggunaan bahan bakar dapat di-tekan dengan sistem pemanasan tidak langsung (flue-curing), sedangkan penggunaan batu bara dilakukan dengan tungku pembakaran gasifikasi. Implementasi selanjutnya, selain diperlukan sistem inspeksi sesuai ketentuan juga perlu didorong terbentuknya kemitraan antara perusahaan tembakau dan petani. Tobacco leaf is the main raw material of tobacco industries such as cigarette, cigar, slices tobacco, etc. Be-fore being used, tobacco leaves have to go through processing. Tobacco processing is basically a drying acti-vity, with the application of temperature or a gradual process called curing. In the processing of tobacco ener-gy needed, which is derived from the hot sun, hot air made by the burning wood, kerosene, coal, LPG (li-quefied petroleum gas), or agricultural waste. The use of these fuels causes air pollution, thus contaminating the environment and poisoning workers. Tobacco itself contain hazardous materials such as tobacco dust, ni-cotine, pesticide residue, TSNA (tobacco specific nitrosamines), B-a-P (benzo-a-pyrene) and others. In-structions on control of hazardous materials and environmental impact, as long as it is available completely de-termined by the organization of the world tobacco Coresta and implemented by partner company of farmers. Farmer production systems in the form of partnership with tobacco companies, has done well control. The ne-gative impact of fuel use could be reduced by an indirect heating system (flue-curing), while the use of coal gasification is done by burning stove. Subsequent implementation, in addition to the required inspection sys-tem according to the provisions, should also be encouraged such as partnerships between tobacco companies and farmers.

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Section: Good Agricultural Practices (Gap) Dan Bahan Berbahayaunclassified

Pengolahan Daun Tembakau dan Dampaknya Terhadap Lingkungan

Tirtosastro

Murdiyati

2016

Bul. Tan. Tembakau, Serat & Minyak Industri

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“…In 2000, a team of researchers at Imperial Tobacco identified direct heating as a source of oxides of nitrogen and, ultimately, TSNAs. They also proposed heat exchangers as a solution 17. In Canada, however, the tobacco industry went beyond just seeking public relations credit for reducing TSNAs.…”

Section: Tobacco Curing Practices In the 21st Centurymentioning

confidence: 99%

Blowing smoke: the history of tobacco-specific nitrosamines in Canadian tobacco

Collishaw

2016

Tob Control

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Objective To demonstrate how changes in tobacco flue-curing practices in the 20th century increased levels of tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) in tobacco smoke. Methods Previously undisclosed documents and testimony made public as a result of a class action trial against tobacco companies in Montreal, Canada, were reviewed for information on TSNAs and tobacco curing practices. These were combined with other pertinent documents to form the basis for a comprehensive historical review of TSNAs and tobacco curing practices.

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“…The leaves of tobacco are normally first harvested in commercial field and then flue-cured in a baking barn [2]. The purpose of flue-curing is to produce dried leaves of suitable physical properties and chemical composition [3,4]. Leaf curing typically goes three stages, the yellowing stage with temperatures of <45 o C and relative humidity over 75%, color-fixing stage with temperatures of 45-55 o C and relative humidity over 35%, and stem-drying stage with temperatures of 55-70 o C and relative humidity under 30% [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungal Composition and Diversity of the Tobacco Leaf Phyllosphere during Curing of Leaves

Chen

Cai

Wang³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Rhizopus oryzae causes tobacco pole rot in China during tobacco flue-curing. Flue-curing is a post-harvest process done to prepare tobacco leaves and involves three different stages: the yellowing stage has the lowest temperatures and highest humidity, then the color-fixing stage has higher temperatures and medium humidity, and finally the stem-drying stage has the highest temperatures and lowest humidity.Results: In this study, fungal culturing and IonS5TMXL high-throughput sequencing techniques were used to reveal the fungal community of the petioles and lamina of tobacco leaves infected with pole rot during flue-curing. A total of 108 fungal isolates belonging to 5 genera and 10 species were isolated on media. The most common fungi isolated was R. oryzae, most often found equally on petioles and laminas in the color-fixing stage, followed by saprotrophs, mostly Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus. High-throughput sequencing revealed saprotrophs, Alternaria being the most abundant genus, followed by Phoma, Cercospora and Aspergillus, whereas Rhizopus was the tenth most abundant genus, which was mostly found on petioles at the yellowing stage. Both culturable fungal diversity and fungal sequence diversity was higher at stem-drying stage than the yellowing and color-fixing stages, and diversity was higher with leaf lamina than petioles revealing that the changes in fungal composition and diversity during the curing process were similar with both methods.Conclusions: A better understanding of the saprotrophic fungi during curing of leaves with pole rot could result in the identification of highly competitive saproptrophs that may act as potential biocontrol agents of tobacco pole rot.

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Evolution of Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines and Microbial Populations During Flue-Curing of Tobacco Under Direct and Indirect Heating

Cited by 6 publications

References 3 publications

Pengolahan Daun Tembakau dan Dampaknya Terhadap Lingkungan

Pengolahan Daun Tembakau dan Dampaknya Terhadap Lingkungan

Blowing smoke: the history of tobacco-specific nitrosamines in Canadian tobacco

Fungal Composition and Diversity of the Tobacco Leaf Phyllosphere during Curing of Leaves

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