Evolution of the Visual Tectogeniculate and Pretectogeniculate Pathways in the Brain of Amniote Vertebrates

Кенигфест, Н. Б.; Repérant, J; Belekhova, M. G.; Rio, J.P.; Ward, Roger

doi:10.1016/b0-12-370878-8/00163-4

Cited by 1 publication

(4 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“… Schematic display of the major glutamatergic circuits in the longitudinal section through the rat brain. Circuits showing the (a) olfactory pathways (black dot arrow; Lledo et al, 2005 ; Ennis et al, 2015 ), (b) corticostriatal pathways (black solid arrow; Butler, 1994 ; Hintiryan et al, 2016 ), (c) visual pathways (red dot arrow; Butler and Hodos, 2005 ; Kenigfest et al, 2007 ), and (d) auditory pathways (blue arrow; Butler and Hodos, 2005 ; Ito and Oliver, 2010 ; Schofield et al, 2014 ). Cg, cingulum; CN, cochlear nucleus; DLG, dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus; IC, inferior colliculus; LP, lateral posterior thalamic nucleus; LS, lateral septal nucleus; MG, medial geniculate body; Pir, piriform cortex; SC, superior colliculus; Tu, olfactory tubercle; vt, ventricle.…”

Section: Glutamatergic Circuitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… Schematic representation of the major glutamatergic circuits in the longitudinal section of the pigeon brain. Circuits showing the (a) olfactory pathways (black dot arrow; Reiner and Karten, 1985 ; Islam and Atoji, 2008 ), (b) corticostriatal pathways (black solid arrow; Wada et al, 2004 ; Islam and Atoji, 2008 ), (c) visual pathways (red dot arrow; Kenigfest et al, 2007 ; Atoji and Karim, 2014b ); (d) isthmo–tectal pathways (purple arrow; Islam and Atoji, 2008 ; Karim et al, 2014 ), and (e) auditory pathways (blue arrow; Butler and Hodos, 2005 ; Atoji and Karim, 2014b ). cpi, Piriform cortex; DLA, dorsolateral anterior nucleus; E, entopallium; HA, apical hyperpallium; HD, densocellular hyperpallium; HI, intercalated hyperpallium; IHA, interstitial apical hyperpallium; ISPC, parvocellular part of isthmic nucleus L2, field L2; M, mesopallium; MLD, lateral mesencephalic nucleus, dorsal part; N, nidopallium; Ov, ovoidal nucleus; Rt, rotundal nucleus; St, striatum; T, triangular nucleus; TeO, optic tectum; TuO, olfactory tubercle; vt, ventricle.…”

Section: Glutamatergic Circuitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The visual stimulus from the retina reaches the cortex of the brain by the following two pathways in amniotes ( Butler and Hodos, 2005 ): (1) Thalamofugal pathway: Here, the retina directly projects into the dorsolateral geniculate nucleus (Gld/dLGN) of mammals and reptiles or the anterior dorsolateral complex (DLA) of birds, from which the further projections enter into the dorsal lateral cortex of reptiles, avian Wulst, or the striate cortex, or the primary visual cortex of mammals ( Kenigfest et al, 2007 ). (2) Tectofugal pathway: Here, the retina projects first to the optic tectum of birds and reptiles or the superior colliculus (SC) of mammals, from which projections enter into the nucleus rotundus (Rot) of reptiles and birds or to the lateral posterior nucleus and the pulvinar (Lp/pulv) in mammals; these projections, in turn, enter into the anterior DVR of reptiles or birds entopallium or mammalian extrastriate cortex and amygdala ( Kenigfest et al, 2007 ; Day-Brown et al, 2010 ). In the thalamofugal pathway of mammals, Gld showed VGLUT2 mRNA expression ( Hisano et al, 2002 ; Barroso-Chinea et al, 2007 ), and their target area, the striate cortex, demonstrated positive expression for GluA1-4 mRNA ( Martin et al, 1993 ; Sato et al, 1993 ).…”

Section: Glutamatergic Circuitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… Schematic drawing of the longitudinal section through the turtle brain showing the major glutamatergic circuits. Circuits showing the (a) olfactory pathways (black dot arrow; Reiner and Karten, 1985 ; Lohman and Smeets, 1993 ), (b) corticostriatal pathways (black solid arrow; Desan, 1988 ; Hoogland and Vermeulen-vanderZee, 1989 ; Gonzalez et al, 1990 ), (c) visual pathways (red dot arrow; Kenigfest et al, 2007 ); (d) isthmo–tectal pathways (purple arrow; Schechter and Ulinski, 1979 ; Sereno and Ulinski, 1987 ), and (e) auditory pathways (blue arrow; Belekhova et al, 1985 ; Kunzle, 1986 ). cereb, cerebellum; cerN, cerebellar nucleus; Co, cochlear nucleus; DVR, dorsal ventricular ridge; Gld, dorsolateral geniculate nucleus; ISMC, magnocellular part of isthmic nucleus; MC, mitral cells; NTOL, nucleus of lateral olfactory tract; ob, olfactory bulb; St, striatum; R, rotundal nucleus; Re, nucleus reuniens; Rm, medial reticular nucleus; tect, optic tectum; TSC, torus semicircular nucleus; Ves, superior vestibular nucleus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Glutamatergic pathways in the brains of turtles: A comparative perspective among reptiles, birds, and mammals

2022

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Glutamate acts as the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and plays a vital role in physiological and pathological neuronal functions. In mammals, glutamate can cause detrimental excitotoxic effects under anoxic conditions. In contrast, Trachemys scripta, a freshwater turtle, is one of the most anoxia-tolerant animals, being able to survive up to months without oxygen. Therefore, turtles have been investigated to assess the molecular mechanisms of neuroprotective strategies used by them in anoxic conditions, such as maintaining low levels of glutamate, increasing adenosine and GABA, upregulating heat shock proteins, and downregulating KATP channels. These mechanisms of anoxia tolerance of the turtle brain may be applied to finding therapeutics for human glutamatergic neurological disorders such as brain injury or cerebral stroke due to ischemia. Despite the importance of glutamate as a neurotransmitter and of the turtle as an ideal research model, the glutamatergic circuits in the turtle brain remain less described whereas they have been well studied in mammalian and avian brains. In reptiles, particularly in the turtle brain, glutamatergic neurons have been identified by examining the expression of vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs). In certain areas of the brain, some ionotropic glutamate receptors (GluRs) have been immunohistochemically studied, implying that there are glutamatergic target areas. Based on the expression patterns of these glutamate-related molecules and fiber connection data of the turtle brain that is available in the literature, many candidate glutamatergic circuits could be clarified, such as the olfactory circuit, hippocampal–septal pathway, corticostriatal pathway, visual pathway, auditory pathway, and granule cell–Purkinje cell pathway. This review summarizes the probable glutamatergic pathways and the distribution of glutamatergic neurons in the pallium of the turtle brain and compares them with those of avian and mammalian brains. The integrated knowledge of glutamatergic pathways serves as the fundamental basis for further functional studies in the turtle brain, which would provide insights on physiological and pathological mechanisms of glutamate regulation as well as neural circuits in different species.

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