Evolution of the Rust Fungi (Uredinales) as Reflected by Their Ecological Problems

Savile, D. B. O.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-6950-3_4

Cited by 60 publications

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“…c) Our selection of rust fungi covers quite diverse host spectra, containing species parasitizing on gymnosperms and angiosperms (Gymnosporangium clavariaeforme and Coleosporium tussilaqinis), on dicots and monocots (Puccinia poarum), and a microcyclic rust on dicots (Endophyllum sempervivi). Therefore, because of their high diversity in respect to host spectra, life cycles, spore morphology and basidial type, the rust fungi were by many authors assumed to represent quite an old group (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10). Thus, the 5S rRNA sequences from various rust fungi were expected to show significant differences rather than being similar, as high differences were found within other basidiomycetous groups like the smut fungi, where analyses revealed that more than one third of the nucleotides differ between Ustilago violacea and Tilletia controversa (1).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly conserved 5S ribosomal RNA sequences in four rust fungi and atypical 5S rRNA secondary structure inMicrostroma juglandis

Gottschalk

Blanz

1984

Nucl Acids Res

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The 5S ribosomal RNA nucleotide sequences of five basidiomycetous fungi, Coleosporium tussilaginis, Gymnosporangium clavariaeforme, Puccinia poarum, Endophyllum sempervivi and Microstroma juglandis were determined.Despite high differentiation in their host spectra the four rust species are highly conserved with respect to their 5S rRNA sequences, which fit with the basidiomycete cluster 5 described by Walker and Doolittle (1).The sequences obtained from the first three rust fungi were proven to be identical while the sequence from Endophyllum sempervivi showed two base substitutions compared with the other rust fungi. The Microstroma juglandis 5S rRNA sequence differs from all other basidiomycete 5S rRNA sequences published so far in respect to its secondary structure which shows an atypical 'CCA' loop in helix D, but it reveals typical basidiomycetous signature nucleotides. Therefore Microstroma juglandis represents a cluster of its own within the Basidiomycetes. A dendrogram was constructed based on Kimura's "Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution".

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly conserved 5S ribosomal RNA sequences in four rust fungi and atypical 5S rRNA secondary structure inMicrostroma juglandis

Gottschalk

Blanz

1984

Nucl Acids Res

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“…In both rusts and aphids (subfamily Aphidinae), some lineages that are confined to one oftheir two original host groups have undergone subsequent extensive radiation on the reduced set of hosts. This history is deduced from life cycles and host associations of modern, related taxa (Hille Ris Lambers, 1950Savile, 1976;Stroyan, 1963). For example, some of the most speciose groups of aphids, such as Uroleucon and related genera on Asteraceae, are thought to be descended from formerly host-alternating taxa that eliminated one host group and associated morphs (Hille Ris Lambers, 1950).…”

Section: Evolutionary Significance Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Likewise, some ambystomid salamanders have lost the terrestrial form through precocious sexual maturation (Sprules, 1974a; Collins, 1981). Comparative life-cycle data indicate that species with complex life cycles involving host-alternation often lose one set of hosts along with the phenotypes ex-pressed on those hosts; this mode of lifecycle reduction has occurred repeatedly in animal parasites (Baer, 1971), rusts (Peterson, 1974;Savile, 1976), and aphids (Hille Ris Lambers, 1950Eastop, 1977).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The consequences of life-cycle reduction may include loss of sexual reproduction (Hagan, 1951;Savile, 1976;Eastop, 1977), altered population dynamics (Istock, 1967), and expanded geographical range. The latter occurs in rusts (Savile, 1976) and aphids (Blackman and Eastop, 1984) that have omitted one host plant and expanded their ranges beyond the zone of overlap of the two original hosts.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The latter occurs in rusts (Savile, 1976) and aphids (Blackman and Eastop, 1984) that have omitted one host plant and expanded their ranges beyond the zone of overlap of the two original hosts. Also, since dispersing morphs are confined to one phase (e.g., Ambystoma) or to migration between the two habitats (e.g., pemphigine aphids), life-cycle reduction may dramatically curtail dispersal capabilities.…”

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confidence: 99%

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EVOLUTIONARY REDUCTION OF COMPLEX LIFE CYCLES: LOSS OF HOST‐ALTERNATION IN PEMPHIGUS (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)

Moran

Whitham

1988

Evolution

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Abstract. -In a Utah canyon, the aphid, Pemphigus betae, exhibits two life cycles: a cycle involving host-alternation between cottonwood trees and roots of herbaceous plants and a secondarily reduced cycle, in which the cottonwood generations are eliminated so that wingless forms live year round on roots. Relative frequencies of the two life-cycle types vary along a 30-km stretch of the canyon, with the reduced cycle predominating at upper sites. Factors underlying this life-cycle variation were examined with common-garden and transfer experiments. Results showed 1) a facultative increase in production of alternating forms in response to crowding in root colonies, 2) a genetic component to both within-and between-site variation in tendency to produce alternating morphs, and 3) site-specific environmental effects on level of investment in the reduced versus alternating life cycles. Thus, the variation in frequency of life-cycle reduction in this aphid is dependent on a complex of interdependent factors. These include adaptive phenotypic plasticity, microgeographically variable cues affecting mechanisms ofmorph determination, and genetically based variation in tendency to show reduction versus alternation.Genetic variation between sites corresponds to microgeographic variation in success oflife-cycle phases. Where cottonwood hosts are absent (lower elevations) or where the cottonwood phase has low survival (upper elevations), clones tend to produce fewer migrating morphs, as compared to clones from middle elevations, where the cottonwood phase is relatively favorable. Such independence between conditions in alternate phases is a general feature of complex life cycles and can generate strong site-specific selection for permanent life-cycle reduction. Such life-cycle shifts have sometimes been followed by extensive radiations in aphids and other groups.

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The Rust Fungi

Kolmer¹,

Ordoñez²,

Groth³

2009

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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The rust fungi are a monophyletic group of approximately 7000 species in the basidiomycota and are highly specialized obligate parasites of plants. The life cycle of rusts can be complex. Some rusts have up to five spore stages that alternate between haploid and dikaryotic nuclear conditions and that can occur on two taxonomically unrelated host plants. The rusts have evolved specialized structures that allow them to penetrate and obtain nutrients from living host cells. Biologic forms of a single rust species may differ in ability to attack different genera of host plants. Furthermore, within a single rust species they can be highly variable in ability to attack different genotypes of one host species. At the species level, genes that condition avirulence/virulence in rusts interact in a specific relationship with rust-resistance genes in plants. Many of the most important plant diseases in the world are caused by rust fungi.

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Evolution of the Rust Fungi (Uredinales) as Reflected by Their Ecological Problems

Cited by 60 publications

References 44 publications

Highly conserved 5S ribosomal RNA sequences in four rust fungi and atypical 5S rRNA secondary structure inMicrostroma juglandis

Highly conserved 5S ribosomal RNA sequences in four rust fungi and atypical 5S rRNA secondary structure inMicrostroma juglandis

EVOLUTIONARY REDUCTION OF COMPLEX LIFE CYCLES: LOSS OF HOST‐ALTERNATION IN PEMPHIGUS (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)

The Rust Fungi

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