“…Therefore, countries move towards related activities with similar knowhow capabilities (Hidalgo et al, 2007 ; Guevara et al, 2016 ; Petralia et al, 2017 ; Pinheiro et al, 2018 ; Alshamsi et al, 2018 ; Hartman et al, 2019 ; Nguyen et al, 2022 ). As a result, developing and entering into new activities that do not relate to current capabilities can be challenging and risky (Zhu et al, 2017 ; Pinheiro et al, 2018 ; Gomez-Zaldivar & Molina-Perez, 2021 ). Studies show that rich countries produce a wide range of low-complexity and high-complexity products, while poor countries are limited to low-complexity products (Freire, 2012 ).…”