Evolution of the pectoral girdle and fore limb in the Primates

Miller, Ruth A.

doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330170113

Cited by 96 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Among Hylobates, Ateles, Pan, and Homo, only Ateles does not posses a pectoralis major insertion on the clavicle, contrary to the three other genera (Miller, 1932;Asthon and Oxnard, 1963). This insertion on the clavicle appears to be a unique feature among primates (Stern et al, 1980).…”

Section: Curvatures In Cranial Viewmentioning

confidence: 93%

Clavicle, a neglected bone: Morphology and relation to arm movements and shoulder architecture in primates

Voisin

2006

Anat. Rec.

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In spite of its importance for movements of the upper limbs, the clavicle is an infrequently studied shoulder bone. The present study compares clavicular morphology among different extant primates. Methods have included the assessment of clavicular curvatures projected on two perpendicular planes that can be assessed overall as cranial and dorsal primary curvatures. Results showed that in cranial view, three morphologies can be defined. One group exhibited an external curvature considerably more pronounced than the internal one (Gorilla, Papio); a second group was characterized by an internal curvature much more pronounced than the external one (Hylobates, Ateles); and a third group contained those with the two curvatures equally pronounced (Pan, Homo, Pongo, Procolobus, Colobus). Clavicle curvatures projected on the dorsal plane could be placed into four groups. The first group is characterized by two curvatures, an inferior and a superior (Apes, Spider monkeys). The second included monkeys, whose clavicles have an inferior curvature much more pronounced than the superior one. The third group includes only Hylobates, whose clavicles possess only the superior curvature. The last group includes only modern humans, whose clavicles show only the inferior curvature, which is less pronounced than that which exists in monkeys. Curvatures in cranial view relate information regarding the parameters of arm elevation while those in dorsal view offer insights into the position of the scapula related to the thorax. The use of clavicular curvature analysis offers a new dimension in assessment of the functional morphology of the clavicle and its relationship to the shoulder complex. Anat Rec Part A, 288A: 944-953, 2006. 2006

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Section: Curvatures In Cranial Viewmentioning

confidence: 93%

Clavicle, a neglected bone: Morphology and relation to arm movements and shoulder architecture in primates

Voisin

2006

Anat. Rec.

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“…We expected muscle mass to dominate PCSA differences; therefore, we expected similar scaling relationships for muscle mass and PCSA when compared with animal mass. The supraspinatus stabilizes and abducts the glenohumeral joint and, as such, would play a much more important role in species that have less stable glenohumeral joints (greater range of motion) and abduct their forelimbs during activities of daily living, such as humans and nonhuman primates (Miller, 1932;Tuttle and Basmajian, 1978). Because the large animals do not appear to use their forelimbs in this way, relative supraspinatus muscle mass and PCSA would be smaller in these animals and we would therefore expect negative allometric scaling.…”

Section: Research Articlementioning

confidence: 98%

Comparison of rotator cuff muscle architecture among humans and selected vertebrate species

Mathewson

Kwan

Eng

et al. 2013

Journal of Experimental Biology

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In this study, we compare rotator cuff muscle architecture of typically used animal models with that of humans and quantify the scaling relationships of these muscles across mammals. The four muscles that correspond to the human rotator cuff -supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis and teres minor -of 10 commonly studied animals were excised and subjected to a series of comparative measurements. When body mass among animals was regressed against physiological cross-sectional area, muscle mass and normalized fiber length, the confidence intervals suggested geometric scaling but did not exclude other scaling relationships. Based on the architectural difference index (ADI), a combined measure of fiber length-to-moment arm ratio, fiber length-to-muscle length ratio and the fraction of the total rotator cuff physiological cross-sectional area contributed by each muscle, chimpanzees were found to be the most similar to humans (ADI=2.15), followed closely by capuchins (ADI=2.16). Interestingly, of the eight non-primates studied, smaller mammals such as mice, rats and dogs were more similar to humans in architectural parameters compared with larger mammals such as sheep, pigs or cows. The force production versus velocity trade-off (indicated by fiber length-to-moment arm ratio) and the excursion ability (indicated by fiber length-to-muscle length ratio) of humans were also most similar to those of primates, followed by the small mammals. Overall, primates provide the best architectural representation of human muscle architecture. However, based on the muscle architectural parameters of non-primates, smaller rather than larger mammals may be better models for studying muscles related to the human rotator cuff.

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“…Other approaches to gorilla and orangutan anatomy have addressed function with quantitative information by focusing on one component, for example skeletal proportions (e.g., Schultz, 1930Schultz, , 1937Schultz, , 1956); biomechanics of scapula or limbs (e.g., Miller, 1932;Oxnard, 1967;Roberts, 1974;Taylor, 1997), regional muscle and limb weights and inertial properties (e.g., Preuschoft, 1961Preuschoft, , 1963Payne et al, 2006a, b;Isler et al, 2006;Oishi et al, 2008Oishi et al, , 2009). On live captive gorillas and orangutans, direct measures of muscle function or joint motion derive from electromyography during specific limb movements (e.g., Basmajian, 1974a, b, 1978;Tuttle et al, 1975;Stern and Susman, 1981;Tuttle et al, 1983) and from cinematography of climbing modes (e.g., Isler and Thorpe, 2003;Isler, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Anatomy and Adaptation of Male Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) With Comparison to Male Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)

Zihlman

McFarland

Underwood

2011

The Anatomical Record

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Great apes diversified during the Miocene in Old World forests. Two lineages, gorillas in Africa and orangutans in Asia, have sexual dimorphisms of super-sized males, though they presumably diverged from a smaller common ancestor. We test the hypothesis that they increased in body mass independently and convergently, and that their many postcranial differences reflect locomotor differences. Whole body dissections of five adult male gorillas and four adult male orangutans allowed quantification of body mass distribution to limb segments, of body composition (muscle, bone, skin, and fat relative to total body mass), and of muscle distribution and proportions. Results demonstrate that gorilla forelimb anatomy accommodates shoulder joint mobility for vertical climbing and reaching while maintaining joint stability during quadrupedal locomotion. The heavily muscled hind limbs are equipped for propulsion and weight-bearing over relatively stable substrates on the forest floor. In contrast, orangutan forelimb length, muscle mass, and joint construction are modified for strength and mobility in climbing, bridging, and traveling over flexible supports through the forest canopy. Muscles of hip, knee, and ankle joints provide rotational and prehensile strength essential for moving on unstable and discontinuous branches. We conclude that anatomical similarities are due to common ancestry and that differences in postcranial anatomy reflect powerful selection for divergent locomotor adaptations. These data further support the evolutionary conclusion that gorillas fall with chimpanzees and humans as part of the African hominoid radiation; orangutans are a specialized outlier. Anat Rec, 294:1842Rec, 294: -1855Rec, 294: , 2011. V V C 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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Evolution of the pectoral girdle and fore limb in the Primates

Cited by 96 publications

References 9 publications

Clavicle, a neglected bone: Morphology and relation to arm movements and shoulder architecture in primates

Clavicle, a neglected bone: Morphology and relation to arm movements and shoulder architecture in primates

Comparison of rotator cuff muscle architecture among humans and selected vertebrate species

Functional Anatomy and Adaptation of Male Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) With Comparison to Male Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)

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