Evolution of the electronic structure and properties of neutral and charged aluminum clusters: A comprehensive analysis

Abstract

Density-functional theory with generalized gradient approximation for the exchange-correlation potential has been used to calculate the global equilibrium geometries and electronic structure of neutral, cationic, and anionic aluminum clusters containing up to 15 atoms. The total energies of these clusters are then used to study the evolution of their binding energy, relative stability, fragmentation channels, ionization potential, and vertical and adiabatic electron affinities as a function of size. The geometries are found to undergo a structural change from two dimensional to three dimensional when the cluster contains 6 atoms. An interior atom emerges only when clusters contain 11 or more atoms. The geometrical changes are accompanied by corresponding changes in the coordination number and the electronic structure. The latter is reflected in the relative concentration of the s and p electrons of the highest occupied molecular orbital. Aluminum behaves as a monovalent atom in clusters containing less than seven atoms and as a trivalent atom in clusters containing seven or more atoms. The binding energy evolves monotonically with size, but Al7, Al7+, Al7−, Al11−, and Al13− exhibit greater stability than their neighbors. Although the neutral clusters do not conform to the jellium model, the enhanced stability of these charged clusters is demonstrated to be due to the electronic shell closure. The fragmentation proceeds preferably by the ejection of a single atom irrespective of the charge state of the parent clusters. While odd-atom clusters carry a magnetic moment of 1μB as expected, clusters containing even number of atoms carry 2μB for n⩽10 and 0 μB for n>10. The calculated results agree very well with all available experimental data on magnetic properties, ionization potentials, electron affinities, and fragmentation channels. The existence of isomers of Al13 cluster provides a unique perspective on the anomaly in the intensity distribution of the mass spectra. The unusual stability of Al7 in neutral, cationic, and anionic form compared to its neighboring clusters is argued to be due to its likely existence in a mixed-valence state.

Structure, Thermodynamics, and Energy Content of Aluminum–Cyclopentadienyl Clusters

“…The latter is in agreement with previous calculations of small aluminum clusters by Rao and Jena. 29 Al atoms in both of the organometallic clusters (b and c) arrange differently than in the bare cluster; the interior Al core of Al 50 Cp 12 is similar to that in the methylated version (c) as well, and both have significantly lowered symmetry compared to an isolated cluster (a). Very recent work by Schn€ ockel and co-workers provides some additional discussion on the asymmetry of the Al 8 core in relation to recently synthesized organometallic gold clusters.…”

Large-scale first principles configuration interaction calculations of optical absorption in aluminum clusters

“…To initiate the optimization, raw geometries, reported by Rao and Jena, based on density functional method were used. 8 Figure 1 shows the final optimized geometries of the isomers studied in this paper.…”

“…Since s-p orbital energy separation in aluminum atom is 4.99 eV, and it decreases with the cluster size, the valency should be changed from one to three. 8 Perturbed jellium model, which takes orbital anisotropy into account, has successfully explained the mass abundance of aluminum clusters. 9,10 Shell structure and s-p hybridization in anionic aluminum clusters were probed using photoelectron spectroscopy by Ganteför and Eberhardt, 11 and Li et al 7 Evolution of electronic structure and other properties of aluminum clusters has been studied in many reports.…”

“…9,10 Shell structure and s-p hybridization in anionic aluminum clusters were probed using photoelectron spectroscopy by Ganteför and Eberhardt, 11 and Li et al 7 Evolution of electronic structure and other properties of aluminum clusters has been studied in many reports. [7][8][9][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] Structural properties of aluminum clusters were studied using density functional theory by Rao and Jena. 8 An all electron and model core potential study of various Al clusters was carried out by Martinez et al 22 Upton performed chemisorption calculations on aluminum clusters and reported that Al 6 is the smallest cluster that will absorb H 2 .…”

“…[7][8][9][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] Structural properties of aluminum clusters were studied using density functional theory by Rao and Jena. 8 An all electron and model core potential study of various Al clusters was carried out by Martinez et al 22 Upton performed chemisorption calculations on aluminum clusters and reported that Al 6 is the smallest cluster that will absorb H 2 . 9 DFT alongwith molecular dynamics were used approach is equally effective for Al clusters, as it was, say, for boron clusters.…”