Evolution of the Batoidea Pectoral Fin Skeleton: Convergence, Modularity, and Integration Driving Disparity Trends
Faviel A. López-Romero,
Eduardo Villalobos-Segura,
Julia Türtscher
et al.
Abstract:Batoids (skates and rays) are the most speciose group of cartilaginous fishes. Their body plan represents diverse ecologies and swimming modes. Early skeletal fossil remains, and recent phylogenetic analyses suggest that convergence has occurred within the batoids several times independently. The drivers for such disparity patterns and possible association with modularity and phenotypic integration among batoids are not fully understood. Here we used geometric morphometrics and phylogenetic comparative methods… Show more
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