Evolution of the androgen-induced male phenotype

Fuxjager, Matthew J.; Miles, Meredith C.; Schlinger, Barney A.

doi:10.1007/s00359-017-1215-3

Cited by 23 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…We found that steroid receptors were expressed almost ubiquitously across tissues (excluding blood), suggesting that most tissues studied here have the potential to locally regulate steroid sensitivity. This finding is not surprising given the dynamic functions steroids perform 72 , and past studies showing expression of these genes within the tissues included here 35,73–75 . Fewer studies, however, have measured expression of steroidogenic enzymes, particularly in peripheral tissues 15,74–76 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Tissue-specific expression profiles and positive selection analysis in the tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) using a de novo transcriptome assembly

Bentz

Thomas

Rusch

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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Tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) are one of the most commonly studied wild birds in North America. They have advanced numerous research areas, including life history, physiology, and organismal responses to global change; however, transcriptomic resources are scarce. To further advance the utility of this system for biologists across disciplines, we generated a transcriptome for the tree swallow using six tissues (brain, blood, ovary, spleen, liver, and muscle) collected from breeding females. We de novo assembled 207,739 transcripts, which we aligned to 14,717 high confidence protein-coding genes. We then characterized each tissue with regard to its unique genes and processes and applied this transcriptome to two fundamental questions in evolutionary biology and endocrinology. First, we analyzed 3,015 single-copy orthologs and identified 46 genes under positive selection in the tree swallow lineage, including those with putative links to adaptations in this species. Second, we analyzed tissue-specific expression patterns of genes involved in sex steroidogenesis and processing. Enzymes capable of synthesizing these behaviorally relevant hormones were largely limited to the ovary, whereas steroid binding genes were found in nearly all other tissues, highlighting the potential for local regulation of sex steroid-mediated traits. These analyses provide new insights into potential sources of phenotypic variation in a free-living female bird and advance our understanding of fundamental questions in evolutionary and organismal biology.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Tissue-specific expression profiles and positive selection analysis in the tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) using a de novo transcriptome assembly

Bentz

Thomas

Rusch

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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“…Steroid hormones are a global signal that can coordinate the sexual differentiation of neuromuscular circuits, and changes in the amount, localization and targets of these signals may give rise to differences in sexually differentiated behaviors. Fuxjager et al (2018) present several non-mutually exclusive hypotheses including evolutionary changes to circulating hormone levels, either globally or tissuespecific, changes to hormone receptor distribution across tissues, or changes to the downstream gene network targets of hormone receptors. This framework allows us to generate hypotheses about the evolution of sexually dimorphic laryngeal physiology and behavior in Xenopus based on the present data.…”

Section: Evolution Of Sexually Dimorphic Physiology and Hormonal Regulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel degree of sex difference in laryngeal physiology of Xenopus muelleri: behavioral and evolutionary implications

South

Klingenberg

Leininger

2021

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Characterizing sex and species differences in muscle physiology can contribute to a better understanding of proximate mechanisms underlying behavioral evolution. In Xenopus, the laryngeal muscle's ability to contract rapidly and its electromyogram potentiation allows males to produce calls that are more rapid and intensity-modulated than female calls. Prior comparative studies have shown that some species lacking typical male features of vocalizations sometimes show reduced sex differences in underlying laryngeal physiology. To further understand the evolution of sexually differentiated laryngeal muscle physiology and its role in generating behavior, we investigated sex differences in laryngeal physiology of X. muelleri, a species in which male and female calls are similar in rapidity but different with respect to intensity modulation. We delivered ethologically relevant stimulus patterns to ex vivo X. muelleri larynges to investigate their ability to produce various call patterns, and we also delivered stimuli over a broader range of intervals to assess sex differences in muscle tension and electromyogram potentiation. We found a small but statistically significant sex difference in laryngeal electromyogram potentiation that varied depending on the number of stimuli. We also found a small interaction between sex and stimulus interval on muscle tension over an ethologically relevant range of stimulus intervals; male larynges were able to produce similar tensions to female larynges at slightly smaller (11-12 ms) inter-stimulus intervals. These findings are consistent with behavioral observations and present a previously undescribed intermediate sex difference in Xenopus laryngeal muscle physiology.

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“…https:// youtu.be/o42C6ajjqWg). For example, golden-collared manakins jump between samplings and the ground, make 'helicoptering' leaps, simultaneously vocalize and make snapping sounds with their wings, and end their display sequence with a series of wing snaps at about 60 Hz (Fuxjager et al, 2018).…”

Section: Electrical Stimulation Of Control Elements Can Reset the Timmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expanding our horizons: central pattern generation in the context of complex activity sequences

Berkowitz

2019

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Central pattern generators (CPGs) are central nervous system (CNS) networks that can generate coordinated output in the absence of patterned sensory input. For decades, this concept was applied almost exclusively to simple, innate, rhythmic movements with essentially identical cycles that repeat continually (e.g. respiration) or episodically (e.g. locomotion). But many natural movement sequences are not simple rhythms, as they include different elements in a complex order, and some involve learning. The concepts and experimental approaches of CPG research have also been applied to the neural control of complex movement sequences, such as birdsong, though this is not widely appreciated. Experimental approaches to the investigation of CPG networks, both for simple rhythms and for complex activity sequences, have shown that: (1) brief activation of the CPG elicits a long-lasting naturalistic activity sequence; (2) electrical stimulation of CPG elements alters the timing of subsequent cycles or sequence elements; and (3) warming or cooling CPG elements respectively speeds up or slows down the rhythm or sequence rate. The CPG concept has also been applied to the activity rhythms of populations of mammalian cortical neurons. CPG concepts and methods might further be applied to a variety of fixed action patterns typically used in courtship, rivalry, nest building and prey capture. These complex movements could be generated by CPGs within CPGs ('nested' CPGs). Stereotypical, non-motor, nonrhythmic neuronal activity sequences may also be generated by CPGs. My goal here is to highlight previous applications of the CPG concept to complex but stereotypical activity sequences and to suggest additional possible applications, which might provoke new hypotheses and experiments.

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Evolution of the androgen-induced male phenotype

Cited by 23 publications

References 97 publications

Tissue-specific expression profiles and positive selection analysis in the tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) using a de novo transcriptome assembly

Tissue-specific expression profiles and positive selection analysis in the tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) using a de novo transcriptome assembly

A novel degree of sex difference in laryngeal physiology of Xenopus muelleri: behavioral and evolutionary implications

Expanding our horizons: central pattern generation in the context of complex activity sequences

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