Evolution of Spinal Cord Injury in a Porcine Model of Prolonged Aortic Occlusion

Spinal Cord Inflammation: Molecular Imaging after Thoracic Aortic Ischemia Reperfusion Injury

“…For example, a study by Izumi et al (33) found that reduced postoperative neurologic deficit was associated with decrease in MPO activity and increased motor neuron viability after spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion in rabbits. The temporal pattern of viable motor neuron decrease in our study is also in agreement with the immediate and delayed motor neuron death in a porcine model of thoracoabdominal aortic occlusion (34).…”

Comparison of carbamylated erythropoietin-FC fusion protein and recombinant human erythropoietin during porcine aortic balloon occlusion-induced spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury

“…The time lag between tissue injury and organ sampling is also crucial for detection of postinjury apoptosis in the spinal cord: while caspase-3-positive cells were reported 28 days after spinal cord trauma [32], we hardly found any TUNEL-positive cells 4 h after spinal cord ischemia [27]. Controversial data are available on the presence of neuronal apoptosis after spinal cord I/R injury per se: while TUNEL-positive staining was reported in rats [33] and rabbits [2,34], other authors did not find any TUNEL-positive neurons in swine even at 120 h of reperfusion [18]. Finally, apoptotic cell death was reported to assume importance in immature neurons only [35]: we studied swine aged 18-24 weeks, and to the best of our knowledge, neuronal apoptosis was only described in neonatal and infant piglets with maximum age of 4-5 weeks [32,36].…”

“…femorales sinistra and dextra for distal blood pressure recording (MAP distal ) and placement of inflatable balloon catheters. Adapting a technique previously published by other authors [18], one catheter was placed directly above the aortic trifurcation, the other one directly downstream of the A. subclavia sinistra, the correct position of which was manually controlled via a left-sided thoracotomy. This approach was chosen to prevent any perfusion of the spinal cord via collateral flow distal to the proximal balloon [19], which could result from variable bifurcation of the A. radicularis magna anterior [20].…”

Pediatric Spinal Cord Injury in Infant Piglets: Description of a New Large Animal Model and Review of the Literature

“…Several investigators have developed porcine models of ischemic SCI in order to mimic the SCI that occurs with cardiothoracic procedures, such as aortic aneurysm repair, coarctation repair, cardiopulmonary bypass, and ischemia from low-output states (58)(59)(60)(61)(62)(63). These have been mostly adult models, with one exception (59).…”