Evolution of sexually-transferred steroids inAnophelesmosquitoes

Abstract

Human malaria, which remains a major public health problem, is transmitted by a subset of Anopheles mosquitoes belonging to only three out of eight subgenera: Anopheles, Cellia and Nyssorhynchus. Unlike almost every other insect species, it was shown that males of some Anopheles species produce and transfer steroid hormones to females during copulation and that this transfer mediates reproductive changes. Steroids are consequently seen as a potential target for malaria vector control. Here, we analysed the evolution of sexually-transferred steroids and their effects on female reproductive traits across Anopheles by using a set of 16 mosquito species (5 Anopheles, 8 Cellia, and 3 Nyssorhynchus), including malaria vector and non-vector species. We show that male steroid production and transfer are specific to the Cellia subgenus and that there is no correlation between mating-induced effects in females and sexually-transferred steroids. In the light of our results, male steroid production, transfer and post-mating effects in females do not correlate with their ability to transmit human malaria, which overturns the suggestion from previous studies and suggests that manipulation of steroid-response pathways in the field should be considered with caution in order to benefit malaria vector control strategies.

Of Genes and Genomes: Mosquito Evolution and Diversity

“…Together, these observations trace the emergence along the mosquito phylogeny and coevolutionary dynamics of important reproductive genes and traits that may be linked to differences in disease-vector capacity observed today. However, examining a larger set of mosquito species (three Nyssorhynchus, five Anopheles, and eight Cellia) suggested that sexually transferred steroids and their effects on female behaviour did not correlate with the transmission of malaria parasites [104]. Recent largerscale mozomics functional assays are also starting to exploit the available genomes and their annotations to bring an evolutionary perspective to interpreting transcriptomics results from more than a single species, for example, in the context of sex-and tissue-biased gene expression in anophelines [17,18] and culicines [105].…”