Evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: A global health emergency

Acter, Thamina; Uddin, Nizam; Das, Jagotamoy; Akhter, Afroza; Choudhury, Tasrina Rabia; Kim, Sungjune

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138996

Cited by 488 publications

(379 citation statements)

References 115 publications

(128 reference statements)

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“…Therefore, they are considered the most vulnerable individuals to get infected with COVID-19. This was confirmed by earlier studies which showed that mortality of COVID-19 is linked with age: 80% of reported deaths in China were of individuals aged over 65 years old, and up to 15% of the deaths in the US were among adults over 70 years (13,14). Similarly, in another large database study that included data from 17 million patients in the UK, the authors of the study highlighted that patients aged >60 years were at higher risk of hospital mortality due to COVID-19, specifically patients aged >80 HR 12.64 (95% CI 11.19-14.28) (15).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Epidemiology of COVID-19 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: An Ecological Study

Alyami

Naser

Orabi

et al. 2020

Front. Public Health

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Objectives: Considering the transmissible nature of COVID-19 it is important to explore the trend of the epidemiology of the disease in each country and act accordingly. This study aimed to examine the trend of COVID-19 epidemiology in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in term of its incidence rate, recovery rate, and mortality rate. Material and Methods: We conducted an observational study using publicly available national data taken from the Saudi Ministry of Health for the period between 3 March and 7 June 2020. The number of newly confirmed cases, active cases, critical cases, percentage of cases stratified by age group [adults, children, and elderly] and gender were extracted from the reports of the Saudi Ministry of Health. Results: During the study period, the total number of confirmed cases with COVID-19 rose from one on 2 March 2020 to 101,914 on 7 June, representing an average of 1,039 new cases per day, [trend test, p < 0.000]. Despite the increase in the number of newly confirmed daily cases of COVID-19, the number of reported daily active cases started to stabilize after 2 months from the start of the pandemic in the country and the overall recovery rate was 71.4%. The mortality rate decreased by 6.4% during the study period. COVID-19 was more common among adults and males compared to other demographic groups. Conclusion: The epidemiological status of COVID-19 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia showing promising improvement. Males and adults accounted for the majority of COVID-19 cases in the KSA. Further studies are recommended to be conducted at the patient level to identify other patient groups who are at higher risk of getting infected with COVID-19, and for whom the best pharmacological intervention could be provided.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Epidemiology of COVID-19 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: An Ecological Study

Alyami

Naser

Orabi

et al. 2020

Front. Public Health

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“…The 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) caused by the novel beta-coronavirus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 has a highly variable course ranging from asymptomatic or paucisymptomatic subsets to severe interstitial pneumonia rapidly evolving into acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [1,2], which has so far already resulted in the deaths of more than 300,000 people worldwide. The identi cation of risk factors of COVID-19 critical disease remains imperative in order to better allocate medical resources and develop data-driven guidelines for more vulnerable patients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Corticosteroids and Immunosuppressive Therapies on Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a Large Cohort of Patients with Chronic Inflammatory Arthritis

Favalli

Bugatti

Klersy

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Prevalence and outcomes of Coronavirus Disease (COVID)-19 in relation to immunomodulatory medications are still unknown. The aim of the study is to investigate the impact of glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive agents on COVID-19 in a large cohort of patients with chronic immune-mediated inflammatory arthritis.Methods: The study was conducted in the arthritis outpatient clinic at two large Academic Hospitals in the COVID-19 most endemic area of Northern Italy (Lombardy). We circulated a cross-sectional survey exploring the prevalence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 nasopharyngeal swab positivity and the occurrence of acute respiratory illness (fever and/or cough and/or dyspnea), administered face-to-face or by phone to consecutive patients from 25th February to 20th April 2020. COVID-19 cases were defined as confirmed or highly suspicious according to the World Health Organization criteria. The impact of medications on COVID-19 incidence was evaluated. Results: The study population included 2050 adults with chronic inflammatory arthritis receiving glucocorticoids, conventional-synthetic (cs), or targeted-synthetic/biological (ts/b) disease-modifying drugs (DMARDs). Laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 and highly suspicious infection were recorded in 1.1% and 1.4% of the population, respectively. Treatment with glucocorticoids was independently associated with increased risk of COVID-19 (adjusted OR [95% CI] ranging from 1.23 [1.04-1.44] to 3.20 [1.97-5.18] depending on the definition used). Conversely, patients treated with ts/bDMARDs were at reduced risk (adjusted OR ranging from 0.46 [0.18-1.21] to 0.47 [0.46-0.48]). No independent effects of csDMARDs were observed.Conclusions: During the COVID-19 outbreak, treatment with immunomodulatory medications appears safe. Conversely, glucocorticoids, even at low-dose, may confer increased risk of infection.Trial registration: retrospectively registered

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“…The clinical symptoms of COVID-19 have been reportedly ranged from mild to severe, ultimately leading to death. The mild symptoms included fever, cough, shortness of breath and pneumonia after viral infection, while the severe cases would rapidly developed to acute respiratory distress syndrome, septic shock, metabolic acidosis, coagulation dysfunction and multiple organ failure that eventually brought about mortality [19,20]. There has been no effective antiviral drug to treat COVID-19 until now, even though signi cant efforts are used to develop therapeutic interventions against coronavirus infection [2].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Mechanisms of Lian Hua Qing Wen Capsule against COVID-19 by Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Approach

Chen¹,

Qu²,

Tan³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19) disease has led to a wide-spread global pandemic. There is no specific antiviral drug proven effective for the treatment of patients with COVID-19 at present. Combination of western and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is recommended, and Lian Hua Qing Wen (LHQW) capsule is a basic prescription and widely used to treat COVID-19 in China. However, the mechanisms of LHQW capsule treating COVID-19 are not clear. The aim of the study is to explore the mechanisms of LHQW capsule treating COVID-19 based on network pharmacy and molecular docking approach. Methods The active compounds and targets of LHQW capsule were obtained from traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology database and analysis platform (TCMSP). COVID-19 related target genes were obtained from GeneCards database and OMIM database. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks of LHQW capsule targets and COVID-19-related genes were visualized and merged to identify the candidate targets for LHQW capsule treating COVID-19. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis were also performed. The hub genes involved in the gene-related pathways were screened and their corresponding compounds were used for in vitro validation of molecular docking predictions.Results A total of 185 active compounds of LHQW capsule were screened out, and 263 targets were predicted. Third hundred and fifty-two COVID-19 related target genes were obtained from GeneCards database and OMIM database. GO functional enrichment analysis showed that the biological processes of LHQW capsule treating COVID-19 were closely linked with the regulation of inflammation, immunity, cytokines production, vascular permeability, oxidative stress and apoptosis. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that the pathways of LHQW capsule treating COVID-19 were significantly enriched in AGE−RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications, Kaposi sarcoma−associated herpesvirus infection, TNF, IL−17, and Toll−like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway. The hub targets genes in the gene-related pathways analysis of LHQW capsule treating COVID-19 included MAPK1, MAPK3, RELA, IL-6 and CASP8, which closely associated with inflammation, cytokines storm and apoptosis. Finally, molecular docking showed that top 5 compounds of LHQW capsule also had good binding activities to the important targets in COVID-19.Conclusions The mechanisms of LHQW capsule treating COVID-19 may involve in inhibiting inflammatory response, cytokine storm and virus infection, and regulating immune reactions, apoptosis and endothelial barrier.

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Evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: A global health emergency

Cited by 488 publications

References 115 publications

Epidemiology of COVID-19 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: An Ecological Study

Epidemiology of COVID-19 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: An Ecological Study

Impact of Corticosteroids and Immunosuppressive Therapies on Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a Large Cohort of Patients with Chronic Inflammatory Arthritis

Exploring the Mechanisms of Lian Hua Qing Wen Capsule against COVID-19 by Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Approach

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