Evolution of polydnaviruses as insect immune suppressors

Glatz, Richard; Asgari, Sassan; Schmidt, Otto

doi:10.1016/j.tim.2004.10.004

Cited by 47 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…Expression of virus genes results in numerous physiological alterations in the host, including disruption of host humoral and cellular immune responses. Notably, encapsulation, a multicellular immune response and the primary antiparasitoid defense, is typically disrupted (5,25,38,47).…”

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confidence: 99%

Functional Interactions between Polydnavirus and Host Cellular Innexins

Marziano

Hasegawa

Phelan

et al. 2011

J Virol

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confidence: 99%

Functional Interactions between Polydnavirus and Host Cellular Innexins

Marziano

Hasegawa

Phelan

et al. 2011

J Virol

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“…Medium was then removed, and cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 min, permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 for 4 min, and washed in TBST (8.8 g/liter NaCl, 0.2 g/liter KCl, 3 g/liter Trizma (Tris base), 500 l/liter Tween 20 detergent). Anti-CrV2 polyclonal rabbit antibodies (26) in TBST (1:500) were added to the glass slide and incubated for 1.5-2 h at room temperature. Cells were washed with TBST, and fluorphore-conjugated anti-rabbit antibody (1:200 -250) with 1:50 dilution of FITC-phalloidin (0.1 mg/ml) in TBST were applied to slides for 1 h at room temperature in the dark.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Polydnaviruses (PDVs) 2 are endogenous particles that are produced by some parasitoid wasps and injected, along with the wasp egg(s), into the hemocoel of host insects causing a range of developmental and immune effects that allow the parasitoid to successfully develop (1)(2)(3)(4). Members of the Polydnaviridae are divided into two paraphyletic groups as follows: bracoviruses (BVs; genus Bracovirus) and ichnoviruses (genus Ichnovirus), which occur in some members of the wasp families, Braconidae and Ichneumonidae, respectively (5).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, it was the analysis of nonpackaged PDV genes (such as capsid proteins) that allowed the different ancestral viruses to be differentiated. Prior to this, a range of encapsidated PDV genes and/or gene families was postulated as being immune-suppressive, targeting cellular and humoral (cell-free) aspects of the innate insect immune system (4). Proteins encoded by these genes include protein-tyrosine phosphatases (11), viral ankyrins (vankyrins) (12,13), host translation inhibitory factors (14,15), EGF-like proteins (16), CrV1 homologs (17)(18)(19), EP1-like proteins (20), the H4 histone (21), and C-type lectins (22)(23)(24)(25).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…and is secreted into the hemolymph. It was thought to be temporally associated with short term, subtle immune dysfunction in hemocyte cells that take up the secreted protein, although the molecular basis for its effects is not yet understood (26). The protein does not cause toxic effects on the cells that recover their immune function once significant expression of CrV2 (and other early expressed proteins) is reduced.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Identification of an in Vitro Interaction between an Insect Immune Suppressor Protein (CrV2) and Gα Proteins

Cooper

Bailey-Hill

Leifert

et al. 2011

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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The protein CrV2 is encoded by a polydnavirus integrated into the genome of the endoparasitoid Cotesia rubecula (Hymenoptera:Braconidae:Microgastrinae) and is expressed in host larvae with other gene products of the polydnavirus to allow successful development of the parasitoid. CrV2 expression has previously been associated with immune suppression, although the molecular basis for this was not known. Here, we have used time-resolved Förster resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) to demonstrate high affinity binding of CrV2 to G␣ subunits (but not the G␤␥ dimer) of heterotrimeric G-proteins. Signals up to 5-fold above background were generated, and an apparent dissociation constant of 6.2 nM was calculated. Protease treatment abolished the TR-FRET signal, and the presence of unlabeled CrV2 or G␣ proteins also reduced the TR-FRET signal. The activation state of the G␣ subunit was altered with aluminum fluoride, and this decreased the affinity of the interaction with CrV2. It was also demonstrated that CrV2 preferentially bound to Drosophila G␣ o compared with rat G␣ i1 . In addition, three CrV2 homologs were detected in sequences derived from polydnaviruses from Cotesia plutellae and Cotesia congregata (including the immune-related early expressed transcript, EP2). These data suggest a potential mode-of-action of immune suppressors not previously reported, which in addition to furthering our understanding of insect immunity may have practical benefits such as facilitating development of novel controls for pest insect species.

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Evolutionary origin of Venturia canescens virus‐like particles

Reineke

Asgari

Schmidt

2006

Arch Insect Biochem Physiol

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Insect host-parasitoid interactions provide fascinating examples of evolutionary adaptations in which the parasitoid employs a variety of measures and countermeasures to overcome the immune responses of its host. Maternal factors introduced by the female wasps during egg deposition play an important role in interfering with cellular and humoral components of the host's immune defence. Some of these components actively suppress host immune components and some are believed to confer protection for the developing endoparasitoid by rather passive means. The Venturia canescens/Ephestia kuehniella parasitoid-host system is unique among other systems in that the cellular defence capacity of the host remains virtually intact after parasitization. This system raises some important questions that are discussed in this mini-review: If immune protection of the egg and the emerging larva is achieved by surface properties comprising glycoproteins and virus-like particles (VLPs) produced by the female wasp, why is the prophenoloxidase activating cascade blocked in parasitized caterpillars? Another question is the evolutionary origin of these particles, given that the functional role and structural features of V. canescens VLP proteins are more related to cellular proteins than to viruses.

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Evolution of polydnaviruses as insect immune suppressors

Cited by 47 publications

References 65 publications

Functional Interactions between Polydnavirus and Host Cellular Innexins

Functional Interactions between Polydnavirus and Host Cellular Innexins

Identification of an in Vitro Interaction between an Insect Immune Suppressor Protein (CrV2) and Gα Proteins

Evolutionary origin of Venturia canescens virus‐like particles

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