Evolution of phenotypic plasticity in extreme environments

Abstract

Phenotypic plasticity, if adaptive, may allow species to counter the detrimental effects of extreme conditions, but the infrequent occurrence of extreme environments and/or their restriction to low-quality habitats within a species range means that they exert little direct selection on reaction norms. Plasticity could, therefore, be maladaptive under extreme environments, unless genetic correlations are strong between extreme and non-extreme environmental states, and the optimum phenotype changes smoothly with the environment. Empirical evidence suggests that populations and species from more variable environments show higher levels of plasticity that might preadapt them to extremes, but genetic variance for plastic responses can also be low, and genetic variation may not be expressed for some classes of traits under extreme conditions. Much of the empirical literature on plastic responses to extremes has not yet been linked to ecologically relevant conditions, such as asymmetrical fluctuations in the case of temperature extremes. Nevertheless, evolved plastic responses are likely to be important for natural and agricultural species increasingly exposed to climate extremes, and there is an urgent need to collect empirical information and link this to model predictions.This article is part of the themed issue 'Behavioural, ecological and evolutionary responses to extreme climatic events'.

Evolution caused by extreme events

“…The rate and duration of environmental change in extreme conditions may be more important than the magnitude of change in determining whether the outcome is extinction, a shift in geographical distribution or local evolution and persistence [20,[26][27][28].…”

How birds cope physiologically and behaviourally with extreme climatic events

“…Integration of these concepts and coping with environmental extremes will provide new insights and hypotheses for mechanistic investigations, especially as global climate change drives more extreme climatic events. Theoretical approaches that bring together allostasis, perturbation resistance potential, reactive scope and phenotypic flexibility along with data on responses to extreme weather events (see [66] for modelling approaches) will be particularly insightful for future research directions. …”

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