Evolution of Passive Film on 304 Stainless Steel During Nitric Acid Passivation

Yue, Yingying; Liu, Chengjun; Jiang, Maofa

doi:10.1002/srin.202200026

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 60 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The findings of this study are confirmation that oxide layer thicknesses are greater in acidic media with increasing contact time, as previous work identified . This is in contrast to studies that examine oxide layer thickness (typically after extremely short time periods) in nitric acid media, which report oxide layers of 10 nm or less, , and those in high-temperature oxidizing systems where the oxide layer is on the order of a few microns thick. , Determination of the oxide layer thickness after long periods of exposure is key to the development of appropriate decontamination approaches, which will require the removal of this layer to achieve high decontamination factors.…”

Section: Surface Contamination Speciationsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…The 1 M HNO 3 reference solution exhibited a corrosion potential of approximately 0 V when it was in contact with the 304 stainless steel coupon. This corrosion potential value suggests that the system sits well within the passive corrosion domain where intergranular corrosion should not occur. − The likelihood of grain boundary attack occurring must therefore be strongly influenced by the presence of both an elevated nitrate concentration (due to the high dissolved salt concentration) and redox-active species in solution which were able to elevate the corrosion potential to approximately 0.7 V. The presence of an increased concentration of nitrate in solution has previously been seen to increase corrosion rates, even where no redox-active species were present . With a greater concentration of NO 3 – present in solution, this can be reduced to NO 2 – in a redox reaction with steel components such as Fe 2+ and Cr 3+ .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Development of a Multi-technique Characterization Portfolio for Stainless Steels Exposed to Magnox Reprocessing Liquors

Barton,

Denman,

Grebennikova

et al. 2023

ACS Omega

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

AISI Type 304 stainless steel coupons have been exposed to a simulant aqueous environment representative of the Magnox Reprocessing Plant (MRP) at Sellafield, UK. The experiments were performed for extended time periods (up to 420 days) at elevated temperatures to develop a comprehensive understanding of the extent, nature, and depth of contamination for pipework and vessels in Magnox spent nuclear fuel reprocessing environments. This will inform upcoming decommissioning work which represents a major post-operational challenge. Previous relevant literature has focused on developing fundamental understanding of contamination mechanisms of stainless steels in simplistic, single-element systems, which lack elements of industrial relevance. Contamination behavior is expected to be drastically different in these more complex environments. A characterization portfolio has been developed to enable detailed assessment of corrosion and contamination behavior in acidic reprocessing environments. Solution, surface, and depth analysis determined that uptake was dominated by the elements present in highest concentrations within the environment, namely, Mg, Nd, and Cs. Most contaminants were incorporated into a relatively thin surface oxide layer (<100 nm) in metal oxide form, although there were some exceptions (Cs and Sr). Grain boundary etching was present despite very low corrosion rates (3 μm year −1 ). As a result of this lack of corrosion, diffusion of contaminants beyond the immediate surface (10− 20 nm) did not occur, evidenced through depth profiling. As a result of these findings, surface-based decontamination techniques minimizing excess secondary waste generation can be further developed in order to reduce the environmental and economic burden associated with decommissioning activities.

show abstract

Section: Surface Contamination Speciationsupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Development of a Multi-technique Characterization Portfolio for Stainless Steels Exposed to Magnox Reprocessing Liquors

Barton,

Denman,

Grebennikova

et al. 2023

ACS Omega

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In Figure 7, a positive slope can be observed, indicating the presence of n-type semiconductor films in both the simulated pore solution and the solution containing 1 mol/L chloride ions. It is inferred from n-type semiconductors that the passive film primarily consists of iron oxide and iron hydrate compositions [27,28]. The formation of the passive film in n-type semiconductors is due to the doping of interstitial cations or anionic vacancies.…”

Section: Electrochemical Behavior Of Chloride Ions In Depassivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Investigation of Chloride Ion-Induced Breakdown of Passive Film on P110 Casing Steel Surface in Simulated Pore Solution: Behavior and Critical Value Determination

Peng,

Lin,

Xia

et al. 2024

Metals

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In the petroleum industry, the casing steel is fixed with a cement sheath to ensure reliable service in demanding conditions characterized by high temperature, high pressure, and exposure to multiple types of media. After the hydration of the cement, a porous material is produced with a highly alkaline solution filling the pores, commonly referred to as the pore solution. The casing will form a protective passive film when in contact with a highly alkaline pore solution. Nevertheless, once the cement sheath cracks, chloride ions in the stratum will pass through the cement sheath to the surface of the casing. When chloride ions accumulate to a certain concentration, the passive film will be destroyed, without exerting a protective influence on the substrate. After chloride ions come into direct contact with the casing, the casing is prone to severe failure due to corrosion perforation. The casing failure can cause a blowout outside the casing and even scrapping of the oil well. Controlling casing corrosion and ensuring casing integrity relies on understanding the critical chloride ion concentration that can cause the degradation of the passive film. Therefore, to assess the electrochemical properties and analyze the damage process of the passive film under varying chloride ion concentrations, several characterization techniques were employed. These included potential–time curves (E-t), polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and Mott–Schottky curves. In addition, the composition of the passive film on the surface of the P110 casing steel was qualitatively analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). To further understand the surface morphology of the P110 casing steel, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used.

show abstract

Interpretation of complex x-ray photoelectron peak shapes. II. Case study of Fe 2p3/2 fitting applied to austenitic stainless steels 316 and 304

Hughes,

Easton,

Gengenbach

et al. 2024

Journal of Vacuum Science &Amp; Technology A

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In this paper, a review of the analysis of Fe 2p3/2 peak and other transition metals in the austenitic stainless steel literature is presented. It reveals the significant shortcomings of the most widely used approaches, based on the principle of “chemistry fitting,” where single symmetric peaks are used to represent either individual oxidation states or specific compounds. No meaningful conclusions can be drawn from these commonly employed two- or three-component peak fitting (2C and 3C) approaches; the implication being that a large portion of the literature that relies on this approach is flawed. As a significantly more accurate and reliable alternative to “chemistry fitting,” we also assess “envelope fitting” (using empirical multiplet structures) and examine its limitations when applying the approach to austenitic stainless steel data. A detailed comparison of these two fitting approaches is described in Part I. For other elements such as Cr 2p, the problems associated with using single components to represent oxidation states or compounds are not as severe. It was found that it does not impact binding energy measurements, but does influence relative intensities, which will have a flow-on effect for oxide thickness calculations and obtaining a correct understanding of the surface more broadly.

show abstract

Evolution of Passive Film on 304 Stainless Steel During Nitric Acid Passivation

Abstract: The ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article can be found under https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202200026.

Cited by 3 publications

References 60 publications

Development of a Multi-technique Characterization Portfolio for Stainless Steels Exposed to Magnox Reprocessing Liquors

Development of a Multi-technique Characterization Portfolio for Stainless Steels Exposed to Magnox Reprocessing Liquors

Electrochemical Investigation of Chloride Ion-Induced Breakdown of Passive Film on P110 Casing Steel Surface in Simulated Pore Solution: Behavior and Critical Value Determination

Interpretation of complex x-ray photoelectron peak shapes. II. Case study of Fe 2p3/2 fitting applied to austenitic stainless steels 316 and 304

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About