Evolution of morphological but not aggressiveness‐related traits following a major resistance breakdown in the poplar rust fungus, <i>Melampsora larici‐populina</i>

Maupetit, Agathe; Fabre, Bénédicte; Pétrowski, Jérémy; Andrieux, Axelle; Mita, Stéphane De; Frey, Pascal; Halkett, Fabien; Hayden, Katherine J.

doi:10.1111/eva.13136

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Any alteration at the avirulence locus can thus translate into a reduction in fitness, the so‐called fitness cost of virulence (van der Plank, 1963). No such cost has been reported so far in poplar rust; virulent individuals were found to display the same level of disease‐associated traits as avirulent individuals (Maupetit et al, 2021). However, this latter study did not consider the two types of alterations conferring virulence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

A point mutation and large deletion at the candidate avirulence locus AvrMlp7 in the poplar rust fungus correlate with poplar RMlp7 resistance breakdown

et al. 2021

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The deployment of plant varieties carrying resistance genes (R) exerts strong selection pressure on pathogen populations. Rapidly evolving avirulence genes (Avr) allow pathogens to escape R‐mediated plant immunity through a variety of mechanisms, leading to virulence. The poplar rust fungus Melampsora larici‐populina is a damaging pathogen of poplars in Europe. It underwent a major adaptive event in 1994, with the breakdown of the poplar RMlp7 resistance gene. Population genomics studies identified a locus in the genome of M. larici‐populina that probably corresponds to the candidate avirulence gene AvrMlp7. Here, to further characterize this effector, we used a population genetics approach on a comprehensive set of 281 individuals recovered throughout a 28‐year period encompassing the resistance breakdown event. Using two dedicated molecular tools, genotyping at the candidate locus highlighted two different alterations of a predominant allele found mainly before the resistance breakdown: a nonsynonymous mutation and a complete deletion of this locus. This results in six diploid genotypes: three genotypes related to the avirulent phenotype and three related to the virulent phenotype. The temporal survey of the candidate locus revealed that both alterations were found in association during the resistance breakdown event. They pre‐existed before the breakdown in a heterozygous state with the predominant allele cited above. Altogether, these results suggest that the association of both alterations at the candidate locus AvrMlp7 drove the poplar rust adaptation to RMlp7‐mediated immunity. This study demonstrates for the first time a case of adaptation from standing genetic variation in rust fungi during a qualitative resistance breakdown.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

A point mutation and large deletion at the candidate avirulence locus AvrMlp7 in the poplar rust fungus correlate with poplar RMlp7 resistance breakdown

et al. 2021

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“…Even if the fitness costs of virulence have been documented in all pathogen kingdoms (Leach et al 2001), it is not a strict and generalised rule (see e.g. Maupetit et al 2021. Quantitative resistances offer the opportunity to exploit putative trade-offs among pathogen fitness traits to better stabilise the system (Laine & Barrès, 2013).…”

Section: Use the Determinants Of Reciprocal Interactions To Forecast ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The theory of coevolution indicates that polymorphism stability depends on the costs associated with host resistance(s) and pathogen virulence(s). Even if the fitness costs of virulence have been documented in all pathogen kingdoms (Leach et al, 2001), it is not a strict and generalized rule (see e.g., Fournet et al, 2016; Maupetit et al, 2021). Quantitative resistances offer the opportunity to exploit putative trade‐offs among pathogen fitness traits to better stabilize the system (Laine & Barrès, 2013).…”

Section: Knitting Communities Together With Population Genetics To Im...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving sustainable crop protection using population genetics concepts

et al. 2022

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Growing genetically resistant plants allows pathogen populations to be controlled and reduces the use of pesticides. However, pathogens can quickly overcome such resistance. In this context, how can we achieve sustainable crop protection? This crucial question has remained largely unanswered despite decades of intense debate and research effort. In this study, we used a bibliographic analysis to show that the research field of resistance durability has evolved into three subfields: (i) 'plant breeding' (generating new genetic material), (ii) 'molecular interactions' (exploring the molecular dialogue governing plant-pathogen interactions) and (iii) 'epidemiology and evolution' (explaining and forecasting of pathogen population dynamics resulting from selection pressure(s) exerted by resistant plants). We argue that this triple split of the field impedes integrated research progress and ultimately compromises the sustainable management of genetic resistance. After identifying a gap among the three subfields, we argue that the theoretical framework of population genetics could bridge this gap. Indeed, population genetics formally explains the evolution of all heritable traits, and allows genetic changes to be tracked along with variation in population dynamics. This provides an integrated view of pathogen adaptation, in particular via evolutionary-epidemiological feedbacks. In this Opinion Note, we detail examples illustrating how such a framework can better inform best practices for developing and managing genetically resistant cultivars.

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Evolution of morphological but not aggressiveness‐related traits following a major resistance breakdown in the poplar rust fungus, Melampsora larici‐populina

Halkett,

Maupetit,

Fabre

2020

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Evolution of morphological but not aggressiveness‐related traits following a major resistance breakdown in the poplar rust fungus, Melampsora larici‐populina

Abstract: This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Cited by 3 publications

References 59 publications

A point mutation and large deletion at the candidate avirulence locus AvrMlp7 in the poplar rust fungus correlate with poplar RMlp7 resistance breakdown

A point mutation and large deletion at the candidate avirulence locus AvrMlp7 in the poplar rust fungus correlate with poplar RMlp7 resistance breakdown

Improving sustainable crop protection using population genetics concepts

Evolution of morphological but not aggressiveness‐related traits following a major resistance breakdown in the poplar rust fungus, Melampsora larici‐populina

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