Evolution of &lt;i&gt;V1R&lt;/i&gt; pheromone receptor genes in vertebrates: diversity and commonality

Nikaido, Masato

doi:10.1266/ggs.19-00009

Cited by 16 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 60 publications

(84 reference statements)

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…This suggests that the expression of V1R genes by a small number of ORNs might be a common feature among reptiles. Meanwhile, comparative genomic analyses of vertebrates indicate an increase in the number of genes encoding V1Rs in terrestrial vertebrates, suggesting that the expansion in the number of genes encoding V1Rs is associated with the terrestrial adaptation [ 43 , 48 , 49 ]. However, such an expansion has not found in reptiles, and they retain a very small number of V1R genes [ 7 , 47 , 58 ], implying that reptiles and other vertebrates evolved different disciplinary for olfaction and that the V1R mediated-chemoreception is less important for reptiles.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The involvement of V1Rs in the detection of volatile substances has been reported in the VNO of mice [ 5 , 30 , 32 , 49 ]. Moreover, comparative genomic analysis among vertebrates indicates an increase in the number of genes encoding V1Rs in terrestrial animals over aquatic animals [ 43 , 48 , 49 ]. These pieces of evidence suggest that, although the ligand for V1Rs in turtles is not known at present, the V1R might be involved in the detection of volatile substances in the olfactory organ of semi-aquatic turtles, and that the V1R-mediated chemoreception might have been lost secondarily in highly-aquatic turtles.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distribution of cells expressing vomeronasal receptors in the olfactory organ of turtles

Abdali

Nakamuta

Yamamoto

et al. 2020

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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Generally, the olfactory organ of vertebrates consists of the olfactory epithelium (OE) and the vomeronasal organ (VNO). The OE contains ciliated olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), while the VNO contains microvillous ORNs. The ORNs in the OE express odorant receptors (ORs), while those in the VNO express type 1 and type 2 vomeronasal receptors (V1Rs and V2Rs). In turtles, the olfactory organ consists of the upper (UCE) and lower chamber epithelia (LCE). The UCE contains ciliated ORNs, while the LCE contains microvillous ORNs. Here we investigated the distribution of cells expressing vomeronasal receptors in the olfactory organ of turtles. The turtle vomeronasal receptors were encoded by two V1R genes and two V2R genes. Among them, V2R1 and V2R26 were mainly expressed in the LCE, while V1R3 was expressed both in the UCE and LCE. Notably, vomeronasal receptors were expressed by a limited number of ORNs, which was confirmed by the expression of the gene encoding TRPC2, an ion channel involved in the signal transduction of vomeronasal receptors. Furthermore, expression of ORs by the majority of ORNs was suggested by the expression of the gene encoding CNGA2, an ion channel involved in the signal transduction of ORs. Thus, olfaction of turtle seems to be mediated mainly by the ORs rather than the vomeronasal receptors. More importantly, the relationship between the fine structure of ORNs and the expression of olfactory receptors are not conserved among turtles and other vertebrates. KEY WORDS: in situ hybridization, olfactory organ, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily C member 2, turtle, vomeronasal receptors Many tertapods have two olfactory organs: the olfactory epithelium (OE) and the vomeronasal organ (VNO) [4, 15, 21, 54]. In mice, the OE lines dorso-caudal portion of the nasal cavity, while the VNO is situated at the base of the nasal septum. Chemosensory cells in the olfactory organs, namely, olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), are bipolar neurons extending an axon basally and a dendrite apically. Generally, the ORNs in the OE bear cilia at the tip of their dendrites and project their axons to the main olfactory bulb, while those in the VNO bear microvilli at the tip of their dendrites and project their axons to the accessory olfactory bulb [20, 53, 54]. In fish, a discrete VNO does not exist and the olfactory organ is represented solely by the OE. The OE of fish contains both ciliated and microvillous ORNs which project their axons to the distinct parts of olfactory bulb [22, 45, 54]. Olfactory chemoreception is mediated by the olfactory receptors which are members of seven transmembrane, G protein coupled receptors. They are categorized into three families: odorant receptors (ORs), type 1 vomeronasal receptors (V1Rs) and type 2 vomeronasal receptors (V2Rs) coupled to G⍺olf, G⍺i2 and G⍺o, respectively [8, 11, 12, 24, 36, 44]. In mice, each ORN in the OE expresses only one OR gene out of a repertoire of over 1,000 OR genes [38, 52], whereas that in the VNO expresses one or a few members of vome...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Distribution of cells expressing vomeronasal receptors in the olfactory organ of turtles

Abdali

Nakamuta

Yamamoto

et al. 2020

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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“…Pheromones may communicate a variety of physiological and behavioural states such as sexual receptiveness, fear, alarm, safety, appeasement and territorial marking, and serve as cues to trigger behaviour in conspecifics [10] [11] [12] [13]. The diversity of VNO receptors varies greatly between species [14] [15] [16] [17], and cats have an appreciably larger VNO receptor repertoire compared with dogs, suggesting they have a greater reliance on pheromone-mediated communication [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Initial Open-Label Study of a Novel Pheromone Complex for Use in Cats

Jaeger¹,

Meppiel²,

Endersby³

et al. 2021

OJVM

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Background: A number of specific synthetic pheromones have been commercially available for many years and used to help modify different problem behaviours exhibited by companion animals. Recently, a new synthetic feline pheromone complex has been patented and made available commercially. Objectives: This study was designed as an initial open-label uncontrolled trial to evaluate the potential impact of the new synthetic pheromone complex on a range of different problem behaviours in pet cats. Methods: 150 owned pet cats from either one-cat (n = 66) or two-cat (n = 84) households that had one or more of four defined problem behaviours (urine spraying, n = 31; scratching furnishings, n = 113; fear, n = 63; or inter-cat conflict, n = 25), were recruited to a 28-day study of a new plug-in diffuser containing the novel feline pheromone complex. Results: By day 28, significant (P values ≤ 0.01) improvements were seen in both the frequency and intensity of all four problem behaviours, as assessed by the owners using blinded questionnaires. A reduction in the frequency of individual problem behaviours was reported by 69.8% -77.4% of owners and a reduction in the intensity of the problem by 64.0% -74.2%. Conclusions: The results of this study support the concept that the new feline pheromone complex may have the ability to address multiple problem behaviours. Nevertheless, further controlled studies will be necessary and important to both confirm, and to fully assess the clinical efficacy of the product.

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“…Therefore, for simplicity, we used the term "fish-type" V2Rs to refer to putative amino acid receptors of teleosts, while "tetrapod-type" to refer to putative peptide pheromone receptors of tetrapods. The nomenclature with "fish-type" and "tetrapod-type" was also adopted for V1Rs, based on the initial discoveries from genomes of model organisms (mouse and zebrafish) 17 . The "fish-type" and "tetrapod-type" V2Rs are also found to be distinct in their synteny relationships in that the former V2Rs form single large cluster in particular chromosomes 13,18 and the latter V2Rs are scattered on several chromosomes 19 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary Transition From Water to Land in Vertebrates Illuminated by Basal Ray-Finned Fish Vomeronasal Type 2 Receptor (OlfC) Genes

Zhang

Sakuma

Kuraku

et al. 2021

Preprint

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The vomeronasal type 2 receptor (V2R, also called OlfC) multigene family is found in a broad range of jawed vertebrates from cartilaginous fish to tetrapods. V2Rs encode receptors for food-related amino acids in teleost fish, whereas for peptide pheromones in mammals. In addition, V2Rs of teleost fish are phylogenetically distinct from those of tetrapods, implying a drastic change in the V2Rrepertoire during terrestrial adaptation. To understand the process of diversification of V2Rs in vertebrates from “fish-type” to “tetrapod-type”, we conducted an exhaustive search for V2Rs in cartilaginous fish (chimeras, sharks, and skates) and basal ray-finned fish (reedfish, sterlet, and spotted gar), and compared them with those of teleost, coelacanth, and tetrapods. Phylogenetic and synteny analyses on 1897V2Rs revealed that basal ray-finned fish possess unexpectedly higher number of V2Rs compared with cartilaginous fish, implying that V2Rgene repertoires expanded in the common ancestor of Osteichthyes. Furthermore, reedfish and sterlet possessed various V2Rs that belonged to both “fish-type” and “tetrapod-type”, suggesting that the common ancestor of Osteichthyes possess “tetrapod-type” V2Rs although they inhabited underwater environments. Thus, the unexpected diversity of V2Rs in basal ray-finned fish illuminates the process of how the osteichthyan ancestors adapt from water to land.

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Evolution of <i>V1R</i> pheromone receptor genes in vertebrates: diversity and commonality

Cited by 16 publications

References 60 publications

Distribution of cells expressing vomeronasal receptors in the olfactory organ of turtles

Distribution of cells expressing vomeronasal receptors in the olfactory organ of turtles

An Initial Open-Label Study of a Novel Pheromone Complex for Use in Cats

Evolutionary Transition From Water to Land in Vertebrates Illuminated by Basal Ray-Finned Fish Vomeronasal Type 2 Receptor (OlfC) Genes

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