Evolution of Isoindigo‐Based Electron‐Deficient Units for Organic Electronics: From Natural Dyes to Organic Semiconductors

Abstract

Isoindigo, a classical electron‐deficient unit for organic optoelectronic materials, has been widely used in organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) and organic photovoltaic devices (OPVs). However, several intrinsic drawbacks, such as its non‐coplanarity and weak absorption in the visible‐light region, have hindered its further development. Recently, many optimized isoindigo derivatives have been successfully applied to OFETs and OPVs. This Focus Review discusses recent progress in the structural optimization of isoindigo‐based organic optoelectronic materials and provides meaningful guidelines for the design of high‐performance isoindigo derivatives for organic electronics.

Review of porphyrin-based photodynamic therapy materials

“…However, the recent studies showed that the inorganic nanoparticles used in nanomedicine possess important issue of metabolization [76]. The toxicity and unwanted stability of the nanoparticles bear deep concerns in translating the scientific innovation into clinical applications [77,78]. Several studies have been explored that various physicochemical properties including the particle size, chemical composition, surface charge, surface modification, and surface roughness of nanoparticles play crucial roles in their toxicity and long term stability [79,80].…”

Review of Molecular Modeling and Photoelectronic Applications of Porphyrin-based Materials

“…In conventional Si solar cells, the incident ultraviolet (UV) light can be absorbed, producing heat rather than electricity. However, applying a layer of 1-nm-diameter silicon nanoparticles onto the silicon solar cells was found to increase the lightharvesting efficiency by up to 60% [23], [24]. QDSCs create one of the most optimistic low-cost solutions that now are discovered for the world's requirements of clean and renewable energy.…”

“…Efficient, low-toxic and stable QDSCs for large-scale applications for the solar cell research during recently [25]. This type of solar cell comprises a good alternative to ordinary silicon solar cells since they absorb energy in a wider wavelength range and are easy to prepare [23]. While the bandgap of bulk materials is fixed, the bandgap of quantum dots is tunable depending on the size of the nanoparticles used.…”

Columnar Mesomorphism of Board‐Shaped Perylene, Diketopyrrolopyrrole, Isoindigo, Indigo, and Quinoxalino‐Phenanthrophenazine Dyes

“…Reviewed here is the columnar mesomorphism of five board-shaped dyes perylene (PBI and PTE), [21][22][23][24] indigo (IND), [25,26] isoindigo (IIND), [25,[27][28][29] diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP), [28,[30][31][32][33][34][35] and quinoxalinophenanthrophenazine (QPP) [36,37] ( Figure 2). They were selected because of their significant industrial importance (perylene, IND, and DPP) and their specific mesomorphism has not been reviewed except for perylene.…”