Evolution of infection control in Egypt: Achievements and challenges

Talaat, Maha; Kandeel, Amr; Расслан, Оссама; Hajjeh, Rana; Hallaj, Zuhair; El-Sayed, Nasr; Mahoney, Frank

doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2005.05.028

Cited by 72 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…[11][12][13] Accidental occupational needle stick in Egypt is a significant risk for HCV exposure. [14] In 2006, Talaat et al…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, the presence or absence of infection control programs was an index of iatrogenic exposure to HCV infection. [14] On the basis of 2015 estimate of anti-HCV, [1] and given a national population of about 90 million persons, 9 million were estimated to be exposed to HCV infection in Egypt. The prevention and control of HCV in a community with this high burden of exposure is complex and challenging in terms of describing and determining the drivers and risk factors of HCV exposure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hepatitis C virus exposure rate among health-care workers in rural Lower Egypt governorates

Elbahrawy

Elwassief

Abdallah

et al. 2017

Journal of Translational Internal Medicine

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Background and Objectives: Studies on hepatitis C virus (HCV) in Egypt supported a strong role for various exposures in the health-care setting. In this study, we attempted to estimate the frequency of HCV exposure among Egyptian health-care workers (HCWs). Methods: Five hundred and sixty-four (564) HCWs were included in this study. Two hundred and fifty-eight (45.74%) were health-care providers and 306 (54.25%) were non-health-care providers. All HCWs completed both the study questionnaire and provided a blood sample for anti-HCV testing by third-generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Subsequently, anti-HCVpositive samples were tested for HCV RNA using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: The mean age of included HCWs was 33.0 ± 9.8 years; of them, 319 (56.56%) were males and 245 (43.44%) were females. The mean duration of health-care work was 9.3 ± 6.7 years. The frequency of antibody against hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) among included HCWs was 8.7% (n = 49). Old age and prolonged duration of health-care work were significantly associated with anti-HCV seropositivity. Forty (81.63%) of 49 with anti-HCV-positive HCWs had positive hepatitis C viremia. The frequency of HCV RNA positivity increased with age. The frequency of eradicated past infection among nurses (36.85%) was markedly higher than that (6.7%) detected in non-health-care providers. Conclusion: High rate of HCV infection is detected in Egyptian HCWs in rural Lower Egypt governorates. Health-care providers seem to eradicate HCV infection more frequently than non-health-care providers. National screening and treatment of infected HCWs are recommended.

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“…[11][12][13] Accidental occupational needle stick in Egypt is a significant risk for HCV exposure. [14] In 2006, Talaat et al…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis C virus exposure rate among health-care workers in rural Lower Egypt governorates

Elbahrawy

Elwassief

Abdallah

et al. 2017

Journal of Translational Internal Medicine

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“…There may have been considerable other concurrent iatrogenic exposures at the time. More recent evidence suggests a continuation of iatrogenic exposures that is contributing to ongoing HCV transmission (24,25).…”

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confidence: 99%

Evidence of intense ongoing endemic transmission of hepatitis C virus in Egypt

Miller

Abu‐Raddad

2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

187

162

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Egypt has the highest prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus (HCV) in the world, estimated nationally at 14.7%. An estimated 9.8% are chronically infected. Numerous HCV prevalence studies in Egypt have published various estimates from different Egyptian communities, suggesting that Egypt, relative to the other nations of the world, might be experiencing intense ongoing HCV transmission. More importantly, a new national study provided an opportunity to apply established epidemiologic models to estimate incidence. Validated mathematical models for estimating incidence from age-specific prevalence were used. All previous prevalence studies of HCV in Egypt were reviewed and used to estimate incidence provided that there was sufficient age-specific data required by the models. All reports of anti-HCV antibody prevalence were much higher than any single other national estimate. Age was the strongest and most consistently associated factor to HCV prevalence and HCV RNA positivity. It was not possible to establish a prior reference point for HCV prevalence or incidence to compare with the 2009 incidence estimates. The modeled incidence from the national study and collectively from the modeled incidence from the previous community studies was 6.9/1,000 [95% confidence interval (CI), 5.5-7.4] per person per year and 6.6/1,000 (95% CI, 5.1-7.0) per person per year, respectively. Projected to the age structure of the Egyptian population, more than 500,000 new HCV infections per year were estimated. Iatrogenic transmission is the most likely, underlining exposure to the ongoing transmission. The study demonstrates the urgency to reduce HCV transmission in Egypt.incidence | iatrogentic transmission | parenteral transmission | Middle East and North Africa | mathematical modeling H epatitis C virus (HCV), first identified in 1989, is strictly a blood-borne RNA viral infection in the family Flaviviridae. Humans are the only reservoir for this viral infection. HCV infection most often leads to an asymptomatic chronic state, which can later progress to active liver disease, liver failure, or primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Treatment of HCV is costly, beyond the reach of most patients in less-developed countries, requires 48 or more weeks to complete, and has serious adverse effects and low efficiency. HCV in a family member can be socially and economically detrimental. There is no vaccine for HCV.The Middle East and North Africa region (MENA) suffers from high prevalence of unnecessary medical injections and transfusions, reuse of needles and syringes, needle-stick injuries among health care workers, and skin scarifications (1-9). Public health systems are overstretched in several countries, leading to some careless attitudes toward safety measures (6). Standard precautions are not routinely implemented in public and even less so in private practices, such as among dentists (10-12). Injections are the preferred mode of therapy even when alternative modes are equally effective (13,14). At 4.3 per year, MENA has the highest...

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“…th century the Ministry of Health in Egypt initiated broad Infection Control Programs all over the country [21]. So, this year was considered as a cut-off year for controlling infections caused by all means of micro-organisms transmission at all health facilities in Egypt [13].…”

Section: Early (2001) In 20mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis C Virus in Egypt: Is More Than One Challenge

El-Moselhy

2017

JLRDT

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Evolution of infection control in Egypt: Achievements and challenges

Cited by 72 publications

References 16 publications

Hepatitis C virus exposure rate among health-care workers in rural Lower Egypt governorates

Hepatitis C virus exposure rate among health-care workers in rural Lower Egypt governorates

Evidence of intense ongoing endemic transmission of hepatitis C virus in Egypt

Hepatitis C Virus in Egypt: Is More Than One Challenge

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