Evolution of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus in Poultry, Togo, 2018

Fusade-Boyer, Maxime; Pato, Pidemnéwé S.; Komlan, Mathias; Dogno, Koffi; Jeevan, Trushar; Rubrum, Adam; Kouakou, Casimir; Couacy‐Hymann, Emmanuel; Batawui, Daniel; Go-Maro, Emilie; McKenzie, Pamela; Webby, Richard J.; Ducatez, Mariette

doi:10.3201/eid2512.190054

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The dominant subtype was H5N1, which circulated in both wild and domestic birds. Our results further demonstrated that West African countries were the most hit by the H5N1 HPAI viruses with at least Nigeria [ 100 , 113 ], Niger [ 81 ], Ghana [ 81 ], Burkina Faso [ 69 , 113 ], Cote d’Ivoire [ 68 ] and Togo [ 71 ] recording one or more outbreaks during the evaluated period. This may be because West Africa is a major wintering area for migratory water birds (Anseriformes and Charadriiformes), which are the natural reservoirs of AIVs [ 5 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

Avian Influenza Viruses Detected in Birds in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review

Kalonda

Saasa

Nkhoma

et al. 2020

Viruses

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In the recent past, sub-Saharan Africa has not escaped the devastating effects of avian influenza virus (AIV) in poultry and wild birds. This systematic review describes the prevalence, spatiotemporal distribution, and virus subtypes detected in domestic and wild birds for the past two decades (2000–2019). We collected data from three electronic databases, PubMed, SpringerLink electronic journals and African Journals Online, using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses protocol. A total of 1656 articles were reviewed, from which 68 were selected. An overall prevalence of 3.0% AIV in birds was observed. The prevalence varied between regions and ranged from 1.1% to 7.1%. The Kruskal–Wallis and Wilcoxon signed-rank sum test showed no significant difference in the prevalence of AIV across regions, χ2(3) = 5.237, p = 0.1553 and seasons, T = 820, z = −1.244, p = 0.2136. Nineteen hemagglutinin/neuraminidase subtype combinations were detected during the reviewed period, with southern Africa recording more diverse AIV subtypes than other regions. The most detected subtype was H5N1, followed by H9N2, H5N2, H5N8 and H6N2. Whilst these predominant subtypes were mostly detected in domestic poultry, H1N6, H3N6, H4N6, H4N8, H9N1 and H11N9 were exclusively detected in wild birds. Meanwhile, H5N1, H5N2 and H5N8 were detected in both wild and domestic birds suggesting circulation of these subtypes among wild and domestic birds. Our findings provide critical information on the eco-epidemiology of AIVs that can be used to improve surveillance strategies for the prevention and control of avian influenza in sub-Saharan Africa.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

Avian Influenza Viruses Detected in Birds in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review

Kalonda

Saasa

Nkhoma

et al. 2020

Viruses

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“…Active surveillance of animal influenza A viruses has been carried out in Togo from 2008-2013 [19], and again since 2017 [20]. IDV circulation was first assessed in a preliminary study with samples from 2009 through 2015.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Mapping of Influenza D Virus Occurrence in Ruminants and Swine in Togo Using a Spatial Multicriteria Decision Analysis Approach

Fusade-Boyer

Pato

Komlan

et al. 2020

Viruses

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Influenza D virus (IDV) has been identified in several continents, with serological evidence for the virus in Africa. In order to improve the sensitivity and cost–benefit of IDV surveillance in Togo, risk maps were drawn using a spatial multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) and experts’ opinion to evaluate the relevance of sampling areas used so far. Areas at highest risk of IDV occurrence were the main cattle markets. The maps were evaluated with previous field surveillance data collected in Togo between 2017 and 2019: 1216 sera from cattle, small ruminants, and swine were screened for antibodies to IDV by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays. While further samples collections are needed to validate the maps, the risk maps resulting from the spatial MCDA approach generated here highlight several priority areas for IDV circulation assessment.

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“…Although the disease was successfully contained, SARS‐related CoVs still exist in animal host reservoirs, which cause reoccurrence of the outbreak‐related disease. Highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N1, known as bird flu, also infected human and other animal species (Fusade‐Boyer et al, 2019 ), and resulted in about 60% mortality (Kirtipal, Bharadwaj, & Kang, 2020 ). There is grave concern that H5N1 may mutate and lead to an influenza pandemic among humans (Fusade‐Boyer et al, 2019 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N1, known as bird flu, also infected human and other animal species(Fusade-Boyer et al, 2019), and resulted in about 60% mortality(Kirtipal, Bharadwaj, & Kang, 2020). There is grave concern that H5N1 may mutate and lead to an influenza pandemic among humans(Fusade- Boyer et al, 2019). Currently, only a few drugs are available for I G U R E 8 SSP did not show significant cytotoxicity in multiple cell lines, or long-term in vivo toxicity in rats.…”

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confidence: 99%

Broad‐spectrum antiviral activity of Spatholobus suberectus Dunn against SARS‐CoV‐2, SARS‐CoV‐1, H5N1, and other enveloped viruses

Liu

Kwan

Cao

et al. 2022

Phytotherapy Research

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The current COVID‐19 pandemic caused by SARS‐Cov‐2 is responsible for more than 6 million deaths globally. The development of broad‐spectrum and cost‐effective antivirals is urgently needed. Medicinal plants are renowned as a complementary approach in which antiviral natural products have been established as safe and effective drugs. Here, we report that the percolation extract of Spatholobus suberectus Dunn (SSP) is a broad‐spectrum viral entry inhibitor against SARS‐CoV‐1/2 and other enveloped viruses. The viral inhibitory activities of the SSP were evaluated by using pseudotyped SARS‐CoV‐1 and 2, HIV‐1ADA and HXB2, and H5N1. SSP effectively inhibited viral entry and with EC50 values ranging from 3.6 to 5.1 μg/ml. Pre‐treatment of pseudovirus or target cells with SSP showed consistent inhibitory activities with the respective EC50 value of 2.3 or 2.1 μg/ml. SSP blocked both SARS‐CoV‐2 spike glycoprotein and the host ACE2 receptor. In vivo studies indicated that there was no abnormal toxicity and behavior in long‐term SSP treatment. Based on these findings, we concluded that SSP has the potential to be developed as a drug candidate for preventing and treating COVID‐19 and other emerging enveloped viruses.

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Evolution of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus in Poultry, Togo, 2018

Cited by 5 publications

References 12 publications

Avian Influenza Viruses Detected in Birds in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review

Avian Influenza Viruses Detected in Birds in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review

Risk Mapping of Influenza D Virus Occurrence in Ruminants and Swine in Togo Using a Spatial Multicriteria Decision Analysis Approach

Broad‐spectrum antiviral activity of Spatholobus suberectus Dunn against SARS‐CoV‐2, SARS‐CoV‐1, H5N1, and other enveloped viruses

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