Evolution of forest precipitation water storage measurement methods

Friesen, Jan; Lundquist, Jessica D.; Stan, John T. Van

doi:10.1002/hyp.10376

Cited by 57 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 116 publications

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“…The canopy structure is the primary control on canopy interception, followed by eventspecific variables, i.e., event size, air temperature, and wind speed . Canopy snow interception is inherently difficult to accurately quantify due to the temporally sensitive impacts of local climate on the canopy itself and the limited measurement capabilities to directly measure canopy interception (Martin et al, 2013;Friesen et al, 2014). From measured snowfall at each climate station within the ForEST network we calculated percent canopy interception efficiency (C IE ) for daily snowfall events.…”

Section: Canopy Interception Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Forest impacts on snow accumulation and ablation across an elevation gradient in a temperate montane environment

Roth

Nolin

2017

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. Forest cover modifies snow accumulation and ablation rates via canopy interception and changes in subcanopy energy balance processes. However, the ways in which snowpacks are affected by forest canopy processes vary depending on climatic, topographic and forest characteristics. Here we present results from a 4-year study of snow-forest interactions in the Oregon Cascades. We continuously monitored snow and meteorological variables at paired forested and open sites at three elevations representing the Low, Mid, and High seasonal snow zones in the study region. On a monthly to bi-weekly basis, we surveyed snow depth and snow water equivalent across 900 m transects connecting the forested and open pairs of sites. Our results show that relative to nearby open areas, the dense, relatively warm forests at Low and Mid sites impede snow accumulation via canopy snow interception and increase sub-canopy snowpack energy inputs via longwave radiation. Compared with the Forest sites, snowpacks are deeper and last longer in the Open site at the Low and Mid sites (4-26 and 11-33 days, respectively). However, we see the opposite relationship at the relatively colder High sites, with the Forest site maintaining snow longer into the spring by 15-29 days relative to the nearby Open site. Canopy interception efficiency (C IE ) values at the Low and Mid Forest sites averaged 79 and 76 % of the total event snowfall, whereas C IE was 31 % at the lower density High Forest site. At all elevations, longwave radiation in forested environments appears to be the primary energy component due to the maritime climate and forest presence, accounting for 93, 92, and 47 % of total energy inputs to the snowpack at the Low, Mid, and High Forest sites, respectively. Higher wind speeds in the High Open site significantly increase turbulent energy exchanges and snow sublimation. Lower wind speeds in the High Forest site create preferential snowfall deposition. These results show the importance of understanding the effects of forest cover on subcanopy snowpack evolution and highlight the need for improved forest cover model representation to accurately predict water resources in maritime forests.

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Section: Canopy Interception Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Forest impacts on snow accumulation and ablation across an elevation gradient in a temperate montane environment

Roth

Nolin

2017

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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“…In this context, it may be repeated after Keim [15] that the crown's ability to retain water can be treated as a constant value only for a single rain while subsequent rains can modulate that ability. The residence time of precipitation in the different storage components varies significantly [16,17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variability in the Wettability and Water Storage Capacity of Common Oak Leaves (Quercus robur L.)

Klamerus‐Iwan

Witek

2018

Water

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Abstract:The canopy water storage capacity and wettability of the plant material are significantly dependent on the condition of the leaf surface. The aim of the present research was an analysis of the influence of infection with oak powdery mildew, seasonal changes occurring on leaves and factors related to location on the surface of leaves and their hydrological properties. This study performed a series of experiments connecting the direct spraying of tree branches with simulated rainfall under laboratory conditions; an analysis of the content of aromatic hydrocarbons in leaves with the use of the chromatograph; and measurements of the angles of adherence of raindrops to the leaf surface. Degree of wettability was determined and, additionally, photographs were taken with a scanning electron microscope. The experiments were performed on common oak (Quercus robur L.) both in the city and in the forest, on two dates: in May and September. All series of measurements were done on healthy leaves and on leaves covered with oak powdery mildew (Microsphaera alphitoides Griff. et Maubl.) to various degrees. Oak powdery mildew has the largest influence on the canopy water storage capacity and on hydrophobicity. In September, the leaves retained an average of 7.2 g/g more water than in May; and, in the leaves from the city, the canopy water storage capacity was 3.1 g/g higher. A decreasing angle of inclination of raindrops to leaves testified to growing wettability and increased the amount of water retained in tree crowns. An additional analysis of SEM photographs points to a dependency of the canopy water storage capacity on the condition of the surface of leaves.

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“…Specifically, patterns of latent heat (LE) exchange drive a host of watershed hydrological processes (Donohue, Roderick, & McVicar, ) that must be considered during water resource management planning (e.g., Donohue, Roderick, & McVicar, ; Renner, Seppelt, & Bernhofer, ). LE dynamics, however, are difficult to estimate in topographically complex vegetated landscapes (McVicar et al, ; Mu, Heinsch, Zhao, & Running, ), and attributing LE dynamics to specific ecosystem elements (e.g., transpiration, soil evaporation, or uptake/release of moisture from arboreal epiphytes) is even more challenging (Friesen, Lundquist, & Van Stan, ; Wilson, Hanson, Mulhulland, Baldocchi, & Wullschleger, ). Estimates of the effects of epiphytic lichens, bryophytes, and vascular plants on LE from forests are especially lacking in the current literature (Van Stan II & Pypker, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The absorption and evaporation of water vapor by epiphytes in an old‐growth Douglas‐fir forest during the seasonal summer dry season: Implications for the canopy energy budget

et al. 2016

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Our goal was to determine how epiphytic lichens and bryophytes affect canopy latent heat fluxes in an old‐growth Douglas‐fir forest when the canopy was dry. The epiphyte water content (WCe expressed as a percent of dry weight) of representative epiphytic foliose lichens, fruticose lichens, and bryophytes was measured in the laboratory after 1 to 12 hr of exposure at five different values of vapor pressure deficit (VPD). After 12 hr of exposure, WCe increased fivefold to sixfold as VPD decreased from 1849 to 132 Pa. In addition, we measured WCe in the field using strain gauges. These field measurements were used to calibrate the models described below. Two models were created to estimate the potential latent heat flux from epiphytes at the canopy scale (LEe). The first model combined measured total biomass of epiphytes with a model that estimated the laboratory determined VPD‐dependent changes in WCe of the lichens/bryophytes (VPD method). The second model estimated LEe by scaling the change in WCe of epiphyte‐laden branches that were continuously monitored in situ in the canopy by a strain gauge (SG method). Both methods showed a strong diurnal trend in LEe when VPD was less than 645 Pa. Prior to sunrise, the epiphytes absorbed water, corresponding to a latent heat flux of 5 to 15 W/m2 per unit ground area, whereas after sunrise, the epiphytes lost water at a rate of −10 to −20 W/m2. For short periods, epiphytes may contribute a significant portion of the latent heat flux from Douglas‐fir forests.

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Evolution of forest precipitation water storage measurement methods

Cited by 57 publications

References 116 publications

Forest impacts on snow accumulation and ablation across an elevation gradient in a temperate montane environment

Forest impacts on snow accumulation and ablation across an elevation gradient in a temperate montane environment

Variability in the Wettability and Water Storage Capacity of Common Oak Leaves (Quercus robur L.)

The absorption and evaporation of water vapor by epiphytes in an old‐growth Douglas‐fir forest during the seasonal summer dry season: Implications for the canopy energy budget

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