Evolution of foot-and-mouth disease virus

Domingo, Esteban; Escarmı́s, Cristina; Baranowski, Éric; Ruiz-Jarabo, Carmen M.; Carrillo, Elisa; Núñez, José I.; Sánchez‐Madrid, Francisco

doi:10.1016/s0168-1702(02)00259-9

Cited by 277 publications

(199 citation statements)

References 127 publications

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“…FMDV genomes are believed to have evolved primarily through genetic drift driven by error-prone replication of RNA genome, recombination, large population sizes, and high number of replication cycles per unit time [26]. High mutation rates during replication allow FMD viruses to evolve continuously and adapt to new environments.…”

Section: Evolution Of Fmdvmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The causative agent, FMD virus (FMDV) belongs to genus Aphthovirus in the family Picornaviridae. The virus exists as seven distinct serotypes (O, A, C, Asia1 and Southern African Territories (SAT) 1-3 and multiple subtypes in each serotype [26]. Vaccination or recovery from infection, with one serotype does not protect against infection from other serotypes and sometimes against another subtype within the same serotype.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Foot-and-mouth Disease: Global Status and Future Road Map for Control and Prevention in India

et al. 2012

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Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a transboundary, economically devastating and highly contagious viral disease of livestock, most importantly cattle, buffalo and pig. The disease also affects goats, sheep, wild ruminant species and elephants. The causative FMD virus is antigenically diverse having seven distinct serotypes and many variants within them. Being a single stranded RNA virus, it confirms the quasispecies nature with emergences and reemergences of different genetic lineages with altered antigenicity within the serotypes, making vaccination based control programme a high cost effective, time consuming and difficult to achieve. As per the OIE and FAO, the disease is a major threat to food security of the world, and particularly the countries having the disease are more prone to food insecurity. Further, FMD free status is an indicator of development, and all developed countries are free from it. The disease is endemic in India and three serotypes of the virus viz; O, A and Asia1 are circulating. Annual direct loss due to FMD in India has been estimated at Rs. 20,000 crores. Many countries in the world are now free from FMD with or without vaccination and presence of the disease in other neighboring countries is a major threat to them. Countries having FMD face trade barrier posed by FMD free countries, causing heavy economic loss to the livestock industry. Progressive control pathway has been developed by FAO for global eradication of FMD. Vaccination based FMD control programme is in operation in India which involves biannual vaccinations of all cattle and buffaloes in selected areas, regular active surveillance and antibody monitoring in vaccinated population with the objective of creating FMD free zones. At present, the disease occurrence, severity of the clinical disease and number of outbreaks have progressively and substantially declined in the control zones as a result of last 10 rounds of vaccination with an oil adjuvanted trivalent inactivated vaccine. In this review, FMD scenario in India and in the world is briefed. Besides, the measures taken for the control and eradication of this devastating disease is presented. Besides, the initial success achieved through the FMD control programme in India, a road map for the control and eradication of FMD at national level is discussed.

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Section: Evolution Of Fmdvmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Foot-and-mouth Disease: Global Status and Future Road Map for Control and Prevention in India

et al. 2012

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“…The virus belongs to Aphthovirus genus of the family Picornaviridae, and exists as seven clinically indistinguishable serotypes: O, A, Asia-1, South African Territory-1 (SAT-1), SAT-2, SAT-3, and C, each with multiple subtypes [6]. Infection and recovery or vaccination with one serotype often fails to protect against infection from other serotypes, and sometimes against another subtype within the same serotype.…”

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confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of foot and mouth disease in Karnataka state, India: a retrospective study

et al. 2014

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A retrospective study on the epidemiology of foot and-mouth disease (FMD) in Karnataka, India between the years 1977 and 2012-13 based on the data collected through passive and active surveillance was undertaken. A total of 11,159 outbreaks with 0.271 million cases of FMD were recorded from 30 different revenue districts of Karnataka. There was a significant difference between the years for the annual incidence of FMD (P = \0.001, F = 19.10) and also between the months (P = \0.001, F = 4.22). Cattle and buffaloes were the predominant species affected being involved in all of the outbreaks reported. A significant correlation was observed between livestock density and the number of outbreaks reported (r = 0.70, p \ 0.02), and number of cases (r = 0.76, p \ 0.01) for all the agro-climatic zones. The Central dry zone (n = 2257, 19.89 %) reported the highest number of outbreaks followed by the Northern dry zone (n = 1881, 16.58 %) and the Southern transition zone (n = 1761, 15.52 %), and attack rates were concentrated in the North/Northeastern/Central dry and transition zones. A large majority of the outbreaks were caused by serotype O (64.04 %), followed by Asia 1 (19.87 %) and A (12.27 %). Serotype C was not reported since 1993 in the state. In recent years, serotype O has dominated (82.59 %), with the rest of the outbreaks being almost equally caused by A (9.01 %) and Asia 1 (8.40 %). The study highlights the significance of the O serotype and cattle as the main indicator species in the epidemiology of FMD in Karnataka, India. The findings from this study can be used as baseline epidemiological data for further research to identify endemic and epidemic areas for the development of a sustainable programme for the progressive control of FMD in the state of Karnataka as well as other endemic settings.

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“…Ponadto RNA koduje białka niestrukturalne (non-structural proteinsNSPs), które odgrywają ważną rolę w procesie replikacji wirusa, jego dojrzewaniu i uwolnieniu z zakażonej komórki (15). FMDV charakteryzuje duża zmienność genetyczna i antygenowa; znanych jest 7 serotypów wirusa oznaczonych: A, O, C, Asia 1 oraz SAT 1, SAT 2 i SAT 3, a w obrębie każdego z serotypów występuje wiele podtypów i wariantów antygenowych (11). Duża różnorodność genetyczna FMDV spowodowana wysokim stopniem mutacji zachodzących podczas replikacji jego materiału genetycznego w znacznym stopniu utrudnia diagnostykę i profilaktykę choroby (12).…”

Section: Artykuł Przeglądowy Reviewunclassified

DIVA strategy in the eradication of foot-and-mouth disease

Niedbalski¹,

Fitzner²

2017

Medycyna Weterynaryjna

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SummaryFoot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), in contrast to the antigen used for the production of FMD vaccine, can replicate in animals. As a result of infection the specific antibody to the viral structural proteins (SPs) and non-structural proteins (NSPs) of FMDV are synthesized. The laboratory diagnostic methods based on individual NSPs, e.g. 3D, 2C and 2B, as well as polypeptides, such as 3AB and 3ABC can be used for differentiation of infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA). This article presents the aim, principle, methods and results of applying DIVA strategy in the eradication of foot-and-mouth disease. The marker vaccines which enable differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals and appropriate ELISA serological tests for detection of antibodies to the NSPs of FMDV have been described. DIVA strategy makes it possible to reduce the economic losses and restore possibilities of international trade in animals and animal products. This strategy may be an alternative of the administrative "stamping-out" eradication method. The essential aim of DIVA strategy is realization of the so-called "vaccinate-to-live" policy, which is based on the principle that vaccinated animals exposed to FMDV will not transmit the virus. These animals are not epidemiologically risky, and therefore do not have to be eliminated. It is necessary to develop new vaccines and improve those already used as well as the application of reliable diagnostic tests to detect FMDV in vaccinated livestock populations.

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Evolution of foot-and-mouth disease virus

Cited by 277 publications

References 127 publications

Foot-and-mouth Disease: Global Status and Future Road Map for Control and Prevention in India

Foot-and-mouth Disease: Global Status and Future Road Map for Control and Prevention in India

Epidemiology of foot and mouth disease in Karnataka state, India: a retrospective study

DIVA strategy in the eradication of foot-and-mouth disease

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