Evolution of Facial Musculature and Cutaneous Field of Trigeminus. Part II

Huber, E.

doi:10.1086/394364

Cited by 74 publications

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“…However, in the primate lineage, both the number and diversity of muscles innervating the face (Burrows, Waller, & Parr, 2009; Huber, 1930a, 1930b) and the amount of neural control related to facial movement (Sherwood, 2005; Sherwood et al, 2005; Sherwood, Holloway, Erwin, & Hof, 2004; Sherwood, Holloway, Erwin, Schleicher, et al, 2004) increased over the course of evolution relative to other taxa. This increase in the number of muscles allowed the production of a greater diversity of facial and vocal expressions in primates (Andrew, 1962).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facial Expressions and the Evolution of the Speech Rhythm

Ghazanfar¹,

Takahashi²

2014

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

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In primates, different vocalizations are produced, at least in part, by making different facial expressions. Not surprisingly, humans, apes, and monkeys all recognize the correspondence between vocalizations and the facial postures associated with them. However, one major dissimilarity between monkey vocalizations and human speech is that, in the latter, the acoustic output and associated movements of the mouth are both rhythmic (in the 3- to 8-Hz range) and tightly correlated, whereas monkey vocalizations have a similar acoustic rhythmicity but lack the concommitant rhythmic facial motion. This raises the question of how we evolved from a presumptive ancestral acoustic-only vocal rhythm to the one that is audiovisual with improved perceptual sensitivity. According to one hypothesis, this bisensory speech rhythm evolved through the rhythmic facial expressions of ancestral primates. If this hypothesis has any validity, we expect that the extant nonhuman primates produce at least some facial expressions with a speech-like rhythm in the 3- to 8-Hz frequency range. Lip smacking, an affiliative signal observed in many genera of primates, satisfies this criterion. We review a series of studies using developmental, x-ray cineradiographic, EMG, and perceptual approaches with macaque monkeys producing lip smacks to further investigate this hypothesis. We then explore its putative neural basis and remark on important differences between lip smacking and speech production. Overall, the data support the hypothesis that lip smacking may have been an ancestral expression that was linked to vocal output to produce the original rhythmic audiovisual speech-like utterances in the human lineage.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facial Expressions and the Evolution of the Speech Rhythm

Ghazanfar¹,

Takahashi²

2014

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

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“…Variability in the production of facial expressions was long presumed to increase along a scala naturae toward humans, with an increasing number of muscles dedicated to facial expressions in primates with more recently-evolved features (Huber, 1930a, 1930b). However, while it is true that facial mobility is expanded in humans compared to other primates, inter-specific variation in facial mobility can be explained partly by scaling with body size (Dobson, 2009a) and social group size (Dobson, 2009b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mammals use facial movements not only to communicate, but also to ingest food and to control the sensitivity of sense organs. Researchers have theorized that communication signals evolve through ritualization of preexisting behaviors, and specifically, that rhythmic communication signals (such as speech and lipsmacking) may be ritualized from rhythmic chewing or nursing movements (Andrew, 1962; Huber, 1930a, 1930b; MacNeilage, 1998). The hypothesis that lipsmacks evolved from nit-picking or nursing suggests that the mimetic muscles should be coordinated in a similar way during both lipsmacks and ingestion, but this has never been tested.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facial Muscle Coordination in Monkeys during Rhythmic Facial Expressions and Ingestive Movements

Shepherd

Lanzilotto²,

Ghazanfar³

2012

J. Neurosci.

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Evolutionary hypotheses regarding the origins of communication signals generally, and primate orofacial communication signals in particular, suggest that these signals derive by ritualization of noncommunicative behaviors, notably including ingestive behaviors such as chewing and nursing. These theories are appealing in part because of the prominent periodicities in both types of behavior. Despite their intuitive appeal, however, there are little or no data with which to evaluate these theories because the coordination of muscles innervated by the facial nucleus has not been carefully compared between communicative and ingestive movements. Such data are especially crucial for reconciling neurophysiological assumptions regarding facial motor control in communication and ingestion. We here address this gap by contrasting the coordination of facial muscles during different types of rhythmic orofacial behavior in macaque monkeys, finding that the perioral muscles innervated by the facial nucleus are rhythmically coordinated during lipsmacks and that this coordination appears distinct from that observed during ingestion.

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“…In the two aquatic mammalian species studied, the dorsolateral subnucleus conspicuously occupied half of the space within the facial nucleus in the coronal plane, and the number of facial neurons within the dorsolateral subnucleus was approximately 26-30% of the total number making up the facial nucleus. The richly developed dorsolateral subnucleus in these mammals may be due to their specialized respiration system, as they respire by opening and closing a blowhole located on the vertex [6,7]. The dorsolateral subnucleus was detected in all terrestrial mammals studied, except for the Japanese monkey.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…The examined terrestrial species masticate before swallowing, while the dolphin species swallow without mastication. The manner of food acquisition, food transport, mastication, and swallowing differ from species to species, reflecting differences in an animal's evolutionary development and available food sources [6,7].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Histological Study of the Mammalian Facial Nucleus

Furutani

Sugita

2008

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. We performed comparative Nissl, Klüver-Barrera and Golgi staining studies of the mammalian facial nucleus to classify the morphologically distinct subdivisions and the neuronal types in the rat, rabbit, ferret, Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata), pig, horse, Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus), and bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). The medial subnucleus was observed in all examined species; however, that of the Risso's and bottlenose dolphins was a poorly-developed structure comprised of scattered neurons. The medial subnuclei of terrestrial mammals were well-developed cytoarchitectonic structures, usually a rounded column comprised of densely clustered neurons. Intermediate and lateral subnuclei were found in all studied mammals, with differences in columnar shape and neuronal types from species to species. The dorsolateral subnucleus was detected in all mammals but the Japanese monkey, whose facial neurons converged into the intermediate subnucleus. The dorsolateral subnuclei of the two dolphin species studied were expanded subdivisions comprised of densely clustered cells. The ventromedial subnuclei of the ferret, pig, and horse were richly-developed columns comprised of large multipolar neurons. Pig and horse facial nuclei contained another ventral cluster, the ventrolateral subnucleus. The facial nuclei of the Japanese monkey and the bottlenose dolphin were similar in their ventral subnuclear organization. Our findings show species-specific subnuclear organization and distribution patterns of distinct types of neurons within morphological discrete subdivisions, reflecting functional differences. KEY WORDS: facial nucleus, histology, mammal.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 70(4): 367-372, 2008 The facial musculature is responsible for a wide variety of motor movements, including eye blink, nasolabial, buccolabial, perioral, and auricular movements. Those movements are primarily initiated by motor neurons of the facial nucleus. The necessary neuronal pathways for respiration, mastication, and swallowing involve the facial neurons [2,12]. Projection from the facial nucleus to a facial muscular group has been identified in the mouse [9] [17]. Although the mammalian facial musculature shows differences across species, similarities are seen in the projection system from the facial nucleus to the target muscle. The origin of the posterior auricular branch is in the medial subnucleus, while the superior and inferior buccolabialis originate from the lateral and ventrolateral subnuclei of the facial nucleus in the rat [5,19], opossum [1], cat [10], and dog [13]. Those generalized origins, accompanied by the morphologically distinct subdivisions, also exist in other mammals [3,4,15,17]. However, many important species-specific differences are seen in the motor neurons innervating the nasolabial and buccolabial branches [3,5,11,17]. In particular, the facial muscles innervated by the buccolabial branch are important muscular hydrostats for animal food acquisition [11].The facial nucleus is a final outlet for innervati...

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Evolution of Facial Musculature and Cutaneous Field of Trigeminus. Part II

Cited by 74 publications

References 0 publications

Facial Expressions and the Evolution of the Speech Rhythm

Facial Expressions and the Evolution of the Speech Rhythm

Facial Muscle Coordination in Monkeys during Rhythmic Facial Expressions and Ingestive Movements

Comparative Histological Study of the Mammalian Facial Nucleus

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