Evolution of Exploitation and Defense in Tritrophic Interactions

Sabelis, Maurice W.; Baalen, Minus van; Pels, Bas; Egas, Martijn; Janssen, Arne

doi:10.1017/cbo9780511525728.028

Cited by 20 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 78 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Aerial dispersal of spider mites should affect local and regional population dynamics in prey-predator interaction (Pels and Sabelis 1999;Sabelis et al 2002) under the metapopulation system, and consequently have an effect on the genetic structure of local populations (Tsagkarakou et al 1997;Osakabe et al 2005). In this connection, dispersal distance and the fate of wind-borne mites are important factors influencing population structure and dynamics.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerodynamic advantages of upside down take-off for aerial dispersal in Tetranychus spider mites

et al. 2008

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Aerial dispersal may be important for redistribution of spider mites into new habitats. Evidence for behavioral control of aerial take-off has been well documented for Tetranychus urticae Koch. Before aerial dispersal they exhibit the aerial take-off posture that involves lifting the forelegs upright and raising the forebody. However, whether the aerial take-off posture functions to increase drag has remained unclear. The objectives of this study were to clarify: (i) aerodynamic effects of the aerial take-off posture; and (ii) actual aerial take-off behavior in T. urticae. To evaluate the aerodynamic forces experienced by grounded spider mites in different postures, we constructed three-dimensional models of T. urticae, exhibiting the aerial take-off posture and the normal posture, using computer graphics. We found that the aerial take-off posture was effective in receiving greater rearward forces from wind rather than upward forces. As a result, aerial take-off from a horizontal platform is unlikely. Instead, inverted departure surfaces, e.g., lower leaf surfaces, with inclines are likely to be effective sites for take-off. Laboratory experiments and field observations indicated that the mites preferentially adopted such a position for orientation and take-off. Our findings provided a rationale for the take-off behavior of Tetranychus spider mites.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerodynamic advantages of upside down take-off for aerial dispersal in Tetranychus spider mites

et al. 2008

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Plant defensive strategies against insect herbivores often involve those herbivores' natural enemies (Price et al, 1980;Sabelis et al, 2002). We have discussed an example in the mutualistic relationship between swollen-thorn acacias and acacia ants (Janzen, 1966).…”

Section: Strategy-blocking Over Three Trophic Levelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of Defence Portfolios in Exploiter–Victim Systems

2007

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Some organisms maintain a battery of defensive strategies against their exploiters (predators, parasites or parasitoids), while others fail to employ a defence that seems obvious. In this paper, we shall investigate the circumstances under which defence strategies might be expected to evolve. Brood parasites and their hosts provide our main motivation, and we shall discuss why the reed warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus has evolved an egg-rejection but not a chick-rejection strategy as a defence against the common (Eurasian) cuckoo Cuculus canorus, while the superb fairy-wren Malurus cyaneus has evolved a chick-rejection but not an egg-rejection strategy as a defence against Horsfield's bronze-cuckoo Chrysococcyx basalis. We suggest that the answers lie in strategy-blocking, where one strategy (the blocking strategy) prevents the appearance of another (the blocked strategy) that would be adaptive in its absence. This may be common in exploitervictim systems.

show abstract

“…The expected MCPG of 37 is approximately seven times higher than the highest MCPG value achieved in this study. Therefore, further studies based on the theory of optimal harvesting of mass cultures (Carey 1993) and detailed information on the interaction among P. persimilis, TSM and host plant (Janssen and Sabelis 1992;Sabelis 1991;Sabelis et al 2002;Sabelis and Janssen 1993) could lead to increases in the productivity of the system. This work focused on providing initial guidelines on the influence of the timing and rate of release on the mass culturing of P. persimilis.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of timing and rate of release on population growth of Phytoseiulus persimilis reared on Tetranychus urticae

Stavrinides

2010

Phytoparasitica

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of the timing and rate of release on the population growth of Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) reared on bean plants infested with twospotted spider mite (TSM), Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae). Dwarf bean plants were infested with TSM and 20 P. persimilis females were introduced on each plant 3, 6, 9 and 12 days following TSM infestation. In another experiment, female P. persimilis were introduced at the rates of 5, 10 and 20 per plant 6 days after TSM infestation. The maximum per capita net population growth (MCPG) of P. persimilis was estimated as the maximum number of mobile stages observed on a plant during the course of the experiment divided by the initial number of females released on that plant. Both the timing and rate of release had a significant effect on the MCPG of P. persimilis. Releasing 20 P. persimilis on day nine resulted in an MCPG of 2.97, whereas releases on day 3, 6 or 12 resulted in MCPG values of less than 1.7. In the rate of release experiment, the highest MCPG (4.4) occurred when five female P. persimilis were released per plant, whereas releasing 10 and 20 predatory mites per plant led to MCPG values of 2.71 and 1.66, respectively. The findings indicate that the productivity of a P. persimilis rearing system may be significantly improved through optimization of the timing and/or rate of release.

show abstract

Evolution of Exploitation and Defense in Tritrophic Interactions

Cited by 20 publications

References 78 publications

Aerodynamic advantages of upside down take-off for aerial dispersal in Tetranychus spider mites

Aerodynamic advantages of upside down take-off for aerial dispersal in Tetranychus spider mites

Evolution of Defence Portfolios in Exploiter–Victim Systems

The effects of timing and rate of release on population growth of Phytoseiulus persimilis reared on Tetranychus urticae

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About