Evolution of endoscopic transforaminal lumbar approach for degenerative lumbar disease

Development of Endoscopic Spine Surgery for Healthy Life: To Provide Spine Care for Better, for Worse, for Richer, for Poorer, in Sickness and in Health

“…These techniques epitomise the principles of minimally invasive surgery, providing solutions for many types of prolapsed discs with potentially difficult access issues. 11,12 The long-term outcomes are comparable to those of open discectomy, but with a shorter hospital stay. 13 As the techniques of endoscopic spine surgery evolved, surgeons' focus shifted to providing better spinal surgical treatment with less damage to local anatomy, minimising recurrence, and easing the learning curve of endoscopic spine surgery.…”

“…The delivery of magnified endoscopic vision close to the pathological area, bypassing soft tissue and bony obstacles along the path to the pathology, enables the targeted delivery of thermal energy, mechanical debridement of soft tissue, bony resection, and removal of pathology with less collateral damage. These techniques epitomise the principles of minimally invasive surgery, providing solutions for many types of prolapsed discs with potentially difficult access issues [ 11 , 12 ]. The long-term outcomes are comparable to those of open discectomy, but with a shorter hospital stay [ 13 ].…”

“…The long-term outcomes are comparable to those of open discectomy, but with a shorter hospital stay [ 13 ]. As the techniques of endoscopic spine surgery evolved, surgeons’ focus shifted to providing better spinal surgical treatment with less damage to local anatomy, minimising recurrence, and easing the learning curve of endoscopic spine surgery [ 12 , 14 , 15 ].…”

A Narrative Review of Development of Full-Endoscopic Lumbar Spine Surgery

“…[10][11][12] Additional techniques for exploring space around the region involved partial resection of the pedicle and facet complex 13 or resection directly through the pedicle 14,15 to allow wider exploration of the spinal canal adjacent to the disc in cases of migrated disc herniation. 16,17…”

“…Various techniques exploring this safe working zone were described, which can be largely summarized as the inside-out, outside-in with foraminoplasty, and mobile outsidein techniques [ 10 - 12 ]. Additional techniques for exploring space around the region involved partial resection of the pedicle and facet complex [ 13 ] or resection directly through the pedicle [ 14 , 15 ] to allow wider exploration of the spinal canal adjacent to the disc in cases of migrated disc herniation [ 16 , 17 ].…”