Evolution of developmental and comparative immunology in poultry: The regulators and the regulated

Lu, Mingmin; Lee, Youngsub; Lillehoj, Hyun S.

doi:10.1016/j.dci.2022.104525

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 533 publications

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“…Consistent with our findings, an upregulation of IL-1β in chickens following APEC infection was already shown in the lung and the spleen ( 17 , 19 ). IL-1β is a pro-inflammatory cytokine, which can be synthesized and secreted by a multitude of cell types, with multifunctional attributions and engagement in a variety of host inflammatory and immune responses especially in context of bacterial infections ( 48 , 49 ). The upregulation of IL-1β in spleen samples of vaccinated and/or challenged birds (groups V, C and V+C) is likely because the tissue resident antigen presenting cells in the respiratory tract that first encountered by APEC, will be activated to secrete cytokines and chemokines as a part of the innate immune response ( 50 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerosol vaccination of chicken pullets with irradiated avian pathogenic Escherichia coli induces a local immunostimulatory effect

Bagheri,

Mitra,

Paudel

et al. 2023

Front. Immunol.

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The present study investigated the expression of cytokines and cellular changes in chickens following vaccination with irradiated avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) and/or challenge. Four groups of 11-week-old pullets, each consisting of 16 birds were kept separately in isolators before they were sham inoculated (N), challenged only (C), vaccinated (V) or vaccinated and challenged (V+C). Vaccination was performed using irradiated APEC applied via aerosol. For challenge, the homologous strain was administered intratracheally. Birds were sacrificed on 3, 7, 14 and 21 days post challenge (dpc) to examine lesions, organ to body weight ratios and bacterial colonization. Lung and spleen were sampled for investigating gene expression of cytokines mediating inflammation by RT-qPCR and changes in the phenotype of subsets of mononuclear cells by flow cytometry. After re-stimulation of immune cells by co-cultivation with the pathogen, APEC-specific IFN-γ producing cells were determined. Challenged only birds showed more severe pathological and histopathological lesions, a higher probability of bacterial re-isolation and higher organ to body weight ratios compared to vaccinated and challenged birds. In the lung, an upregulation of IL-1β and IL-6 following vaccination and/or challenge at 3 dpc was observed, whereas in the spleen IL-1β was elevated. Changes were observed in macrophages and TCR-γδ+ cells within 7 dpc in spleen and lung of challenged birds. Furthermore, an increase of CD4+ cells in spleen and a rise of Bu-1+ cells in lung were present in vaccinated and challenged birds at 3 dpc. APEC re-stimulated lung and spleen mononuclear cells from only challenged pullets showed a significant increase of IFN-γ+CD8α+ and IFN-γ+TCR-γδ+ cells. Vaccinated and challenged chickens responded with a significant increase of IFN-γ+CD8α+ T cells in the lung and IFN-γ+TCR-γδ+ cells in the spleen. Re-stimulation of lung mononuclear cells from vaccinated birds resulted in a significant increase of both IFN-γ+CD8α+ and IFN-γ+TCR-γδ+ cells. In conclusion, vaccination with irradiated APEC caused enhanced pro-inflammatory response as well as the production of APEC-specific IFN-γ-producing γδ and CD8α T cells, which underlines the immunostimulatory effect of the vaccine in the lung. Hence, our study provides insights into the underlying immune mechanisms that account for the defense against APEC.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerosol vaccination of chicken pullets with irradiated avian pathogenic Escherichia coli induces a local immunostimulatory effect

Bagheri,

Mitra,

Paudel

et al. 2023

Front. Immunol.

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“…The chickens immunized with COM3 also showed a reduced expression level of IL-17β but, no statistical difference was found because of the wide deviations between samples. Proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-8, and IFN-γ are involved in early inflammatory responses and play an important role in controlling intracellular parasites and their elimination by perpetuating the proinflammatory responses [ 34 , 35 , 36 ]. As shown in a previous study [ 37 ], the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17) gradually increased, peaked at 4–6 dpi, but rapidly decreased after 7 dpi post- E. maxima infection (1 × 10 4 /chicken).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacillus subtilis Expressing Chicken NK-2 Peptide Enhances the Efficacy of EF-1α Vaccination in Eimeria maxima-Challenged Broiler Chickens

Lee

Park

Wickramasuriya

et al. 2023

Animals

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This study was conducted to investigate the synergistic effects of orally delivered B. subtilis-cNK-2 on vaccination with rEF-1α against E. maxima infection in broiler chickens. Chickens were assigned into the following five groups: control (CON, no Eimeria infection), non-immunized control (NC, PBS), component 1 (COM1, rEF-1α only), component 2 (COM2, rEF-1α plus B. subtilis empty vector), and component 3 (COM3, rEF-1α plus B. subtilis-NK-2). The first immunization was administered intramuscularly on day 4, and the second immunization was given one week later with the same concentration of components as the primary immunization. The immunization of B. subtilis spores (COM2 and COM3) was performed by oral administration given for 5 consecutive days a week later than the second immunization. On day 19, all the chickens except the CON group were orally challenged with E. maxima oocysts (1.0 × 104/chicken). The results of the in vivo vaccination showed that all the chickens immunized with rEF-1α (COM1, COM2, and COM3) produced higher (p < 0.05) serum antibodies against EF-1α on 12 days post-E. maxima infection (dpi). The COM3 group showed a significantly (p < 0.05) higher average body weight gain (BWG) on 0–6, 6–9, and 0–12 dpi compared to those of the non-immunized chickens (NC). Immunization with rEF-1α alone (COM1) reduced the gut lesion score on 6 dpi and the fecal oocyst shedding on 9 dpi, whereas co-administration with B. subtilis spores (COM2 or COM3) led to further reduction in the lesion score. E. maxima infection increased the expression levels of IFN-γ and IL-17β in the jejunum, but these expressions were downregulated in the rEF-1α immunized (COM1) group and in the groups immunized with rEF-1α and orally treated with B. subtilis spores (COM2 or COM3) at 4 dpi. A reduced gene expression of occludin in the jejunum of the E. maxima-infected chickens on 4 dpi was upregulated following the immunization with COM2. Collectively, rEF-1α vaccination induced significant protection against E. maxima infection in the broiler chickens, and the efficacy of rEF-1α vaccination was further enhanced by co-administration with orally delivered B. subtilis spores expressing cNK-2.

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“…Despite the importance of laying hens to our nutrition, economy and being a valuable immunological model, there are insufficient standard and commercially available tools for studying avian immunology compared to their mammalian counterparts. Today, the commercially available repertoire of avian cytokines consists of about 25 elements, all of which were utilized by ELISA or Western blotting, and the list is still expanding ( Lu et al, 2023 ). For example, a recent study has calibrated an ELISA assay for chicken IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p40, and IFN-γ ( Gonzalez et al, 2022 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, these studies used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), an assay limited to detecting only one feature at a time. The same limitation also applies to the well-established Western blot assay, which is also less reliable in obtaining quantitative data compared to ELISA ( Lu et al, 2023 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A decline in avian cytokine expression with age revealed by commercially available cytokine array

et al. 2023

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Cytokines are secreted immunomodulators that are key regulators of the avian immune response. Currently, the most commonly used method to follow cytokine expression is qPCR, which measures cellular levels of mRNA, rather their extracellular circulating levels. Here we present a commercially available cytokine array designed to assay circulating expression levels of multiple cytokines and immunomodulators simultaneously. Upon minor modifications to the manufacturer protocol, background noise was reduced, leading to a significant increase in the sensitivity of the device. Our data indicate that the array is reliable and produce consistent data between biological repeats. We tested the reproducibility of the array in a biologically relevant context by assessing age-related changes in circulating cytokines. While individual features did not show a consistent pattern, our data revealed a consistent decline in the median of all cytokine values, supporting the validity of the array in studying biological processes.

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Evolution of developmental and comparative immunology in poultry: The regulators and the regulated

Cited by 12 publications

References 533 publications

Aerosol vaccination of chicken pullets with irradiated avian pathogenic Escherichia coli induces a local immunostimulatory effect

Aerosol vaccination of chicken pullets with irradiated avian pathogenic Escherichia coli induces a local immunostimulatory effect

Bacillus subtilis Expressing Chicken NK-2 Peptide Enhances the Efficacy of EF-1α Vaccination in Eimeria maxima-Challenged Broiler Chickens

A decline in avian cytokine expression with age revealed by commercially available cytokine array

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