Evolution of adaptive optics retinal imaging [Invited]

Williams, David R.; Burns, Stephen A.; Miller, Donald T.; Roorda, Austin

doi:10.1364/boe.485371

Cited by 33 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 227 publications

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“…The imaging paradigm is depicted in Figure 2 and described in full in the Methods . Briefly, the cellular resolution necessary to non-invasively image calcium responses in vivo was achieved with adaptive optics, which detects and corrects for the eye’s monochromatic aberrations in real time (Liang et al, 1997; Williams et al, 2023). Reflectance imaging of the cone mosaic was used for online eye tracking, offline registration, and navigation to the same retinal location across imaging sessions.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cone-Opponent Ganglion Cells in the Primate Fovea Tuned to Non-Cardinal Color Directions

Godat,

Kohout,

Yang

et al. 2023

Preprint

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A long-standing question in vision science is how the three cone photoreceptor types - long (L), medium (M) and short (S) wavelength sensitive - combine to generate our perception of color. Hue perception can be described along two opponent axes: red-green and blue-yellow. Psychophysical measurements of color appearance indicate that the cone inputs to the red-green and blue-yellow opponent axes are M vs. L+S and L vs. M+S, respectively. However, the "cardinal directions of color space" revealed by psychophysical measurements of color detection thresholds are L vs. M and S vs. L+M. The cardinal directions match the most common cone-opponent retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the primate retina. Accordingly, the cone opponency necessary for color appearance is thought to be established in cortex. However, small populations with the appropriate M vs. L+S and L vs. M+S cone-opponency have been reported in large surveys of cone inputs to primate RGCs and their projections to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) yet their existence continues to be debated. Resolving this long-standing open question is needed as a complete account of the cone-opponency in the retinal output is critical for efforts to understand how downstream neural circuits process color. Here, we performed adaptive optics calcium imaging to longitudinally and noninvasively measurements of the foveal RGC light responses in the living macaque eye. We confirm the presence of L vs. M+S and M vs. L+S neurons with non-cardinal cone-opponency and demonstrate that cone-opponent signals in the retinal output are substantially more diverse than classically thought.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cone-Opponent Ganglion Cells in the Primate Fovea Tuned to Non-Cardinal Color Directions

Godat,

Kohout,

Yang

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…Adaptive optics (AO) is a technique that at its core uses a wavefront sensor to measure the distortion in an optical wavefront, and corrects them using a deformable mirror, thus in ophthalmology AO corrects for eye aberrations ( 25 ). Additionally, one impact of reducing the pulse duration in TPEF imaging is the increased phase distortion, caused not only by the tissues but also by the optical component due to the increase in the pulse spectral bandwidth, which needs to be compensated for ( 6 , 26 ).…”

Section: Image Improvementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two-photon excitation fluorescence in ophthalmology: safety and improved imaging for functional diagnostics

Kaushik,

Dąbrowski,

Gessa

et al. 2024

Front. Med.

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Two-photon excitation fluorescence (TPEF) is emerging as a powerful imaging technique with superior penetration power in scattering media, allowing for functional imaging of biological tissues at a subcellular level. TPEF is commonly used in cancer diagnostics, as it enables the direct observation of metabolism within living cells. The technique is now widely used in various medical fields, including ophthalmology. The eye is a complex and delicate organ with multiple layers of different cell types and tissues. Although this structure is ideal for visual perception, it generates aberrations in TPEF eye imaging. However, adaptive optics can now compensate for these aberrations, allowing for improved imaging of the eyes of animal models for human diseases. The eye is naturally built to filter out harmful wavelengths, but these wavelengths can be mimicked and thereby utilized in diagnostics via two-photon (2Ph) excitation. Recent advances in laser-source manufacturing have made it possible to minimize the exposure of in vivo measurements within safety, while achieving sufficient signals to detect for functional images, making TPEF a viable option for human application. This review explores recent advances in wavefront-distortion correction in animal models and the safety of use of TPEF on human subjects, both of which make TPEF a potentially powerful tool for ophthalmological diagnostics.

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“…Traditional imaging modalities, such as fundus photography, fluorescein angiography [10], and indocyanine green angiography [11,12] lack sufficient image resolution and contrast for reliable quantification. Also, adaptive optics imagers allow better visualization of blood vessels but are limited by cost and system operation complications [13,14]. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has become instrumental in the clinical management of eye diseases due to its three-dimensional imaging capability [15,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive vessel tracing and segmentation in OCT enables robust quantification of blood vessel wall-to-lumen ratio in the retina

Adejumo,

Ma,

Son

et al. 2024

Ophthalmic Technologies XXXIV

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The wall-to-lumen ratio (WLR) of retinal blood vessels promises a sensitive marker for functional assessment of eye conditions. However, in vivo measurement of vessel wall thickness and lumen diameter is still technically challenging, hindering the wide application of WLR in research and clinical settings. In this study, we demonstrate the feasibility of using optical coherence tomography (OCT) as one practical method for in vivo quantification of WLR in the retina. Based on three-dimensional vessel tracing, lateral en face and axial B-scan profiles of individual vessels were constructed. By employing adaptive depth segmentation that traces each blood vessel for en face OCT projection, the vessel wall thickness and lumen diameter could be reliably quantified. A comparative study of control and 5xFAD mice confirmed WLR as a sensitive marker of the eye condition.

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Evolution of adaptive optics retinal imaging [Invited]

Cited by 33 publications

References 227 publications

Cone-Opponent Ganglion Cells in the Primate Fovea Tuned to Non-Cardinal Color Directions

Cone-Opponent Ganglion Cells in the Primate Fovea Tuned to Non-Cardinal Color Directions

Two-photon excitation fluorescence in ophthalmology: safety and improved imaging for functional diagnostics

Adaptive vessel tracing and segmentation in OCT enables robust quantification of blood vessel wall-to-lumen ratio in the retina

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